Technology of fastening Aral sea's drained bottom' s soil
(Kazakhstan)
no
Description
Technology of fastening Aral Sea's drained bottom's soil
Planting of the saplings on the lots of the dried seabed of the Aral Sea was done in holes and uninterrupted furrows, which were formed by hands or cultivated KON – 2.8 PM . Depth of holes and furrows is 20-25 cm. Distance between holes was 1.5-2 m. Furrows were perpendicular to the prevailing winds (west-east) and placing mould in several options: 1 – moulds on both sides; 2 – the same from the southern side of a furrow; 3 – the same from the northern side. Furrows alternated with holes rows. Length of rows variants in repetition was 100 m. Saplings were filled up by hands or in rows in 1-2 meters, distance between rows was 2-2.5 meters. For the last 30 years Aral Sea level is falling and in 2001 it fell by 20 meters. More over 35 thousands sq. km of sea bottom came to the surface. Pace of falling during the last ten years is 0.9-0.8 meters per year according to the instrumental observations, that’s why area of dry land increases by 3-4 thousand sq. km annually.
Formation of moving sand dunes with the height of 2-5 meters, which move at the speed 20-30 meters per year in the southern and south-eastern direction, occurs on the area of more over 10 thousand sq. km. Width of dune ridges and ranges achieves 10-15 km and length up to 40-60 km. Ecosystems of brackish waste grounds lacking flora, difficult to traverse and dangerous were formed non the area 20 thousand sq. km of the former sea bottom. They are the source of dust-salt material to the major oasis agriculture in the delta of Syrdaria River.
Location
Location: Kazalinsk state, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan
No. of Technology sites analysed:
Geo-reference of selected sites
Spread of the Technology: evenly spread over an area (4.0 km²)
In a permanently protected area?:
Date of implementation: less than 10 years ago (recently)
Type of introduction
-
through land users' innovation
-
as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)
-
during experiments/ research
-
through projects/ external interventions
-
Classification of the Technology
Main purpose
-
improve production
-
reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
-
conserve ecosystem
-
protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
-
preserve/ improve biodiversity
-
reduce risk of disasters
-
adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
-
mitigate climate change and its impacts
-
create beneficial economic impact
-
create beneficial social impact
Land use
Land use mixed within the same land unit: Ja - Silvo-pastoralism
-
Cropland
Number of growing seasons per year: 1
-
Forest/ woodlands
- (Semi-)natural forests/ woodlands. Management: Clear felling
Products and services: Fuelwood, Grazing/ browsing, Nature conservation/ protection
Water supply
-
rainfed
-
mixed rainfed-irrigated
-
full irrigation
Purpose related to land degradation
-
prevent land degradation
-
reduce land degradation
-
restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
-
adapt to land degradation
-
not applicable
Degradation addressed
-
soil erosion by wind - Et: loss of topsoil
SLM group
-
improved ground/ vegetation cover
-
ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction
SLM measures
-
agronomic measures - A1: Vegetation/ soil cover, A4: Subsurface treatment
Technical drawing
Technical specifications
Fragment of accommodation grooves on district with appeared self-sowing saxaul
Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low
Technical knowledge required for land users: low
Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase of surface roughness, increase in organic matter, increase / maintain water stored in soil, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, improvement of soil structure
Cover cropping
Material/ species: saxsaul
Quantity/ density: 150
Remarks: protective planting
Breaking compacted topsoil
Remarks: breaking salturing up before planting by layout
Aligned: -against wind
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 150
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1,5-2,0
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 30-35
Trees/ shrubs species: saxsaul, combseller
Structural measure: sediment sand / trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 3
Spacing between structures (m): 2
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0,5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0,7
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0,7
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0,5
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0,7
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 100
Construction material (earth): fine-grained sand
Construction material (wood): saxsaul
Establishment and maintenance: activities, inputs and costs
Calculation of inputs and costs
- Costs are calculated:
- Currency used for cost calculation: USD
- Exchange rate (to USD): 1 USD = n.a
- Average wage cost of hired labour per day: 15.00
Most important factors affecting the costs
transportation of technique to the work place and gooves cutting
Establishment activities
-
groove cutting (Timing/ frequency: summer)
-
slips planting (Timing/ frequency: spring, autumn)
-
groove cutting (Timing/ frequency: summer)
-
creating traps for sand (Timing/ frequency: after planting)
Establishment inputs and costs
| Specify input |
Unit |
Quantity |
Costs per Unit (USD) |
Total costs per input (USD) |
% of costs borne by land users |
|
Labour
|
| Traps for sand, cutting and planting |
persons/day |
3.0 |
15.0 |
45.0 |
66.0 |
|
Equipment
|
| Others |
ha |
1.0 |
20.0 |
20.0 |
29.0 |
|
Plant material
|
| Others |
ha |
1.0 |
125.0 |
125.0 |
83.0 |
| Total costs for establishment of the Technology |
190.0 |
|
| Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD |
190.0 |
|
Maintenance activities
-
groove cutting (Timing/ frequency: spring, autumn / every year)
-
slips planting (Timing/ frequency: spring, autumn / every year)
Natural environment
Average annual rainfall
-
< 250 mm
-
251-500 mm
-
501-750 mm
-
751-1,000 mm
-
1,001-1,500 mm
-
1,501-2,000 mm
-
2,001-3,000 mm
-
3,001-4,000 mm
-
> 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
-
humid
-
sub-humid
-
semi-arid
-
arid
Specifications on climate
Average long-termed rainfall quantity makes 124 mm per year
Arid deserted
Slope
-
flat (0-2%)
-
gentle (3-5%)
-
moderate (6-10%)
-
rolling (11-15%)
-
hilly (16-30%)
-
steep (31-60%)
-
very steep (>60%)
Landforms
-
plateau/plains
-
ridges
-
mountain slopes
-
hill slopes
-
footslopes
-
valley floors
Altitude
-
0-100 m a.s.l.
-
101-500 m a.s.l.
-
501-1,000 m a.s.l.
-
1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
-
1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
-
2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
-
2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
-
3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
-
> 4,000 m a.s.l.
Technology is applied in
-
convex situations
-
concave situations
-
not relevant
Soil depth
-
very shallow (0-20 cm)
-
shallow (21-50 cm)
-
moderately deep (51-80 cm)
-
deep (81-120 cm)
-
very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil)
-
coarse/ light (sandy)
-
medium (loamy, silty)
-
fine/ heavy (clay)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface)
-
coarse/ light (sandy)
-
medium (loamy, silty)
-
fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter content
-
high (>3%)
-
medium (1-3%)
-
low (<1%)
Groundwater table
-
on surface
-
< 5 m
-
5-50 m
-
> 50 m
Availability of surface water
-
excess
-
good
-
medium
-
poor/ none
Water quality (untreated)
-
good drinking water
-
poor drinking water (treatment required)
-
for agricultural use only (irrigation)
-
unusable
Is salinity a problem?
Occurrence of flooding
Characteristics of land users applying the Technology
Market orientation
-
subsistence (self-supply)
-
mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
-
commercial/ market
Off-farm income
-
less than 10% of all income
-
10-50% of all income
-
> 50% of all income
Relative level of wealth
-
very poor
-
poor
-
average
-
rich
-
very rich
Level of mechanization
-
manual work
-
animal traction
-
mechanized/ motorized
Sedentary or nomadic
-
Sedentary
-
Semi-nomadic
-
Nomadic
Individuals or groups
-
individual/ household
-
groups/ community
-
cooperative
-
employee (company, government)
Age
-
children
-
youth
-
middle-aged
-
elderly
Area used per household
-
< 0.5 ha
-
0.5-1 ha
-
1-2 ha
-
2-5 ha
-
5-15 ha
-
15-50 ha
-
50-100 ha
-
100-500 ha
-
500-1,000 ha
-
1,000-10,000 ha
-
> 10,000 ha
Scale
-
small-scale
-
medium-scale
-
large-scale
Land ownership
-
state
-
company
-
communal/ village
-
group
-
individual, not titled
-
individual, titled
Land use rights
-
open access (unorganized)
-
communal (organized)
-
leased
-
individual
Water use rights
-
open access (unorganized)
-
communal (organized)
-
leased
-
individual
Access to services and infrastructure
Impacts
Socio-economic impacts
farm income
Exspenses for fuel decrease
groove cuting tools
High rent payment for technique
Socio-cultural impacts
SLM/ land degradation knowledge
educational and cultural level of former members
Native population's not understanding benefits of using SWC
Ecological impacts
soil cover
Salt removal of top horizons
soil loss
Quantity before SLM: 30
Quantity after SLM: 10
Increase of kinds structure
biodiversity
Activity of wind stream decrease
Off-site impacts
wind transported sediments
Soil surface's erosion stop's
Cost-benefit analysis
Benefits compared with establishment costs
Long-term returns
very negative
very positive
Benefits compared with maintenance costs
Long-term returns
very negative
very positive
Adoption and adaptation
Percentage of land users in the area who have adopted the Technology
-
single cases/ experimental
-
1-10%
-
11-50%
-
> 50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have done so without receiving material incentives?
-
0-10%
-
11-50%
-
51-90%
-
91-100%
Number of households and/ or area covered
13 households covering 1 percent of stated area
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
To which changing conditions?
-
climatic change/ extremes
-
changing markets
-
labour availability (e.g. due to migration)
Conclusions and lessons learnt
Strengths: land user's view
-
forest territory are restoring
How can they be sustained / enhanced? during saxaul communities life
-
soil deflation's speed and temps decrease
How can they be sustained / enhanced? during saxaul communities life
-
microclimate conditions increase
How can they be sustained / enhanced? during saxaul communities life
Strengths: compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
-
forests area and output of fuel increase
How can they be sustained / enhanced? during saxauls plantings life (40-50) years
-
field-dust carrying out is prevented
How can they be sustained / enhanced? during communities vitual activity
-
environmental and sanitary-epidemiological contitions improves
How can they be sustained / enhanced? during technology SWC existence
-
Additional work places are created
How can they be sustained / enhanced? in period technology SWC application
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: land user's viewhow to overcome
-
absence of enough qvantity of enough quantity of technique
by means of cooperative association of facilities
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: compiler’s or other key resource person’s viewhow to overcome
-
high rent payment for technique
additional purchase of the mechanised means
-
Low interest of local social institutions
to pay big attention for ecological education
References
Reviewer
-
David Streiff
-
Alexandra Gavilano
Date of documentation: Junie 5, 2011
Last update: Sept. 4, 2019
Resource persons
-
Vladimir Kaverin - SLM specialist
-
Abdul Salimov - SLM specialist
Full description in the WOCAT database
Documentation was faciliated by
Institution
- SPC of Forest Facility (SPC of Forest Facility) - Kazakhstan
Project
Key references
-
"to study process of overgroving and to develop offers on assistance to natural reneval of saxaul black on the grounds of Aral Sea's naked bottom": RGP,SPC of forest facility. Kirov str.,58 city Schuchinsk, Akmola region
