Vue d'ensemble sur périmètre incendié début de mise en défens. (Qarro)

Réhabilitation par mise en défens. (Morocco)

Mise en défens

Description

Interdiction d'accès aux animaux (pâturage direct et indirect) pour assurer la dynamique progressive de la végétation et son développement.

La mise en défens est instaurée après l'incendie de forêt de 2013.. La superficie incendiée était de l’ordre de : 1200 ha.
En plus de la l'interdiction des usages habituels de la population locale (paturage, ramassage du bois mort, etc) et tous les sujets incendiés sont recépés.
Avec uniquement l'exclusion des usages habituels et le respect de la mise en défens on attend une reprise de la végétation spontannée naturellement.
La restriction au parcours et autres activités humaines de prélèvement de produit est une mesure qui ne peut être efficace que grace à l'adhésion des usagers pour le respect de la mise en défens. Dans ce cas, les usagers se sont organisés en association et bénéficient de la compensation à raison de 350 dh/an/ha en application de la réglementation relative à la suspension des droits d'usages mise au point depuis 2002.
Après 5 à 6 ans de mise en défens, on remarque bien que la mise en défens a donné des résultats très satisfaisants en matière de réhabilitation du couvert arboré et du développement des espèces locales.

Location

Location: Commune d'Amskroud, Agadir et tout le pays., Morocco

No. of Technology sites analysed: 2-10 sites

Geo-reference of selected sites
  • -9.37, 30.52

Spread of the Technology: evenly spread over an area (approx. 10-100 km2)

In a permanently protected area?:

Date of implementation: 2012

Type of introduction
Vue d'ensemble sur une partie réhabiltée par mise en défens. (Qarro)

Classification of the Technology

Main purpose
  • improve production
  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • conserve ecosystem
  • protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
  • preserve/ improve biodiversity
  • reduce risk of disasters
  • adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
  • mitigate climate change and its impacts
  • create beneficial economic impact
  • create beneficial social impact
Land use
Land use mixed within the same land unit: Ja - Silvo-pastoralism

  • Grazing land
    • Semi-nomadic pastoralism
    Animal type: goats
  • Forest/ woodlands
    • (Semi-)natural forests/ woodlands
    Products and services: Fruits and nuts, Other forest products, Grazing/ browsing, Nature conservation/ protection
Water supply
  • rainfed
  • mixed rainfed-irrigated
  • full irrigation
Purpose related to land degradation
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
  • adapt to land degradation
  • not applicable
Degradation addressed
  • soil erosion by water - Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
  • biological degradation - Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bh: loss of habitats
SLM group
  • natural and semi-natural forest management
  • pastoralism and grazing land management
  • improved ground/ vegetation cover
SLM measures
  • management measures - M2: Change of management/ intensity level

Technical drawing

Technical specifications
La mise en défens est une mesure soft qui consiste à installer la restriction aux activités humaine (pâturage, bois, etc) qui ne demande aucun investissement sur le terrain (cloture, etc). Le gardiennage est payé avant l'engagement des usagers à respecter la mise en défens, La population est responsabilisée et le gardiennage est assuré par eux même.
Pas de clôture et pas d’autres investissements pour cette technologie mise en place par contractualisation avec les usagers.

Establishment and maintenance: activities, inputs and costs

Calculation of inputs and costs
  • Costs are calculated: per Technology area (size and area unit: 750 ha)
  • Currency used for cost calculation: USD
  • Exchange rate (to USD): 1 USD = 10.0
  • Average wage cost of hired labour per day: 1200 dhs/mois (prise en charge par l'association).
Most important factors affecting the costs
n.a.
Establishment activities
  1. Recepage et nettoiement des arbres et arbustes incendiés (Timing/ frequency: Après incendie 2012)
  2. Sensibilisation des usagers (Timing/ frequency: 2012)
  3. Mise au point de contrat de compensation et engagement des usagers au respect de la mise en défens (Timing/ frequency: 2013)
Establishment inputs and costs (per 750 ha)
Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit (USD) Total costs per input (USD) % of costs borne by land users
Labour
Recepage ha 750.0 1000.0 750000.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 750'000.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 75'000.0
Maintenance activities
  1. Montant de la compensation annuelle (Timing/ frequency: Novembre)
Maintenance inputs and costs (per 750 ha)
Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit (USD) Total costs per input (USD) % of costs borne by land users
Other
Compensation mise en défens ha 750.0 35.0 26250.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 26'250.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD 2'625.0

Natural environment

Average annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
  • humid
  • sub-humid
  • semi-arid
  • arid
Specifications on climate
Average annual rainfall in mm: 150.0
Slope
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitude
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Technology is applied in
  • convex situations
  • concave situations
  • not relevant
Soil depth
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter content
  • high (>3%)
  • medium (1-3%)
  • low (<1%)
Groundwater table
  • on surface
  • < 5 m
  • 5-50 m
  • > 50 m
Availability of surface water
  • excess
  • good
  • medium
  • poor/ none
Water quality (untreated)
  • good drinking water
  • poor drinking water (treatment required)
  • for agricultural use only (irrigation)
  • unusable
Water quality refers to:
Is salinity a problem?
  • Ja
  • Nee

Occurrence of flooding
  • Ja
  • Nee
Species diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low
Habitat diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low

Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation
  • subsistence (self-supply)
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
  • commercial/ market
Off-farm income
  • less than 10% of all income
  • 10-50% of all income
  • > 50% of all income
Relative level of wealth
  • very poor
  • poor
  • average
  • rich
  • very rich
Level of mechanization
  • manual work
  • animal traction
  • mechanized/ motorized
Sedentary or nomadic
  • Sedentary
  • Semi-nomadic
  • Nomadic
Individuals or groups
  • individual/ household
  • groups/ community
  • cooperative
  • employee (company, government)
Gender
  • women
  • men
Age
  • children
  • youth
  • middle-aged
  • elderly
Area used per household
  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Scale
  • small-scale
  • medium-scale
  • large-scale
Land ownership
  • state
  • company
  • communal/ village
  • group
  • individual, not titled
  • individual, titled
Land use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
  • suspendu
Water use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
Access to services and infrastructure
health

poor
x
good
education

poor
x
good
technical assistance

poor
x
good
employment (e.g. off-farm)

poor
x
good
markets

poor
x
good
energy

poor
x
good
roads and transport

poor
x
good
drinking water and sanitation

poor
x
good
financial services

poor
x
good

Impacts

Socio-economic impacts
fodder production
decreased
x
increased


Non utilisable.

forest/ woodland quality
decreased
x
increased

Quantity before SLM: brulé
Quantity after SLM: En réhabilitation

Socio-cultural impacts
land use/ water rights
worsened
x
improved


Suspendu.

Ecological impacts
surface runoff
increased
x
decreased


Réhabilitation du couvert.

soil cover
reduced
x
improved

Quantity before SLM: brulé
Quantity after SLM: En réhabilitation

soil loss
increased
x
decreased


En réhabilitation

vegetation cover
decreased
x
increased

biomass/ above ground C
decreased
x
increased

flood impacts
increased
x
decreased

Off-site impacts
downstream flooding (undesired)
increased
x
reduced

Quantity before SLM: dénudé
Quantity after SLM: réhabilitation
Couvert du sol.

Cost-benefit analysis

Benefits compared with establishment costs
Short-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Long-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Benefits compared with maintenance costs
Short-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Long-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Climate change

Gradual climate change
seasonal temperature decrease

not well at all
x
very well
Season: spring
annual rainfall decrease

not well at all
x
very well
seasonal rainfall decrease

not well at all
x
very well
Climate-related extremes (disasters)
drought

not well at all
x
very well
forest fire

not well at all
x
very well

Adoption and adaptation

Percentage of land users in the area who have adopted the Technology
  • single cases/ experimental
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have done so without receiving material incentives?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
  • Ja
  • Nee
To which changing conditions?
  • climatic change/ extremes
  • changing markets
  • labour availability (e.g. due to migration)

Conclusions and lessons learnt

Strengths: land user's view
  • Faciliter la reconstitution des forêts.
  • Réhabilitation des espèces végétales et animales.
Strengths: compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
  • Un moyen efficace pour la réhabilitation des ecosystèmes présentant un potentiel écologique important.
  • Cette technologie engage moins des frais pour la réhabilitation des écosystèmes forestiers.
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: land user's viewhow to overcome
  • Superficie importante est mise en défens. Réhabilitation progressive.
  • Taux faible de la compensation. Augmentation du taux de la compensation.
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: compiler’s or other key resource person’s viewhow to overcome
  • Opposition de certains usagers. Nécessité d'engager la responsabilité des usagers dans ce type d'action.

References

Compiler
  • Mohamed Sabir
Editors
Reviewer
  • Valentin Zuercher
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
  • Nicole Harari
  • Donia Mühlematter
  • Alexandra Gavilano
Date of documentation: Okt. 6, 2017
Last update: Mei 29, 2019
Resource persons
Full description in the WOCAT database
Linked SLM data
Documentation was faciliated by
Institution Project
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International