Укрепление берегов рек с помощью габионов (Архив проекта CAWMP)

Укрепление берегов рек с помощью камней и габионов (Tajikistan)

Strengthening of the river banks with stones and gabions (English)

Description

Укрепление берегов рек и противоселевые мероприятия с помощью камней и габионов

Технология заключается в сборе камней , в основном среднего размера (20-40 см в диаметре) и укладке их особым способом в местах, подверженных наиболее сильному воздействия течения реки и размыванию для предотвращения от дальнейшего размывания земель, занятых поселениями или сельскохозяйственными полями. Традиционно применяется два типа укладки камней: (1) в виде габионов, то есть вертикальных стен из камней, скрепленных проволокой, (2) в виде каменной кладки на матах из ветвей деревьев и кустарников.

Назначение технологии: Предотвращение размыва берегов речными и селевыми потоками

Основные действия и вложения: сбор камней\ветвей деревьев, их укладка особым способом, скрепление камней ветвями или проволокой

Природная\социальная обстановка: берега рек \ сельские поселения

Location

Location: Таджикабадский район, джамоаты Ширинчашма и Шогадоев, Таджикистан, Tajikistan

No. of Technology sites analysed: 2-10 sites

Geo-reference of selected sites
  • 70.8374, 39.13473

Spread of the Technology: evenly spread over an area (approx. 1-10 km2)

In a permanently protected area?: Nee

Date of implementation: more than 50 years ago (traditional)

Type of introduction
Укладка камней для предотвращения размывания берега и создания искусственной речной косы (архив проекта CAWMP)

Classification of the Technology

Main purpose
  • improve production
  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • conserve ecosystem
  • protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
  • preserve/ improve biodiversity
  • reduce risk of disasters
  • adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
  • mitigate climate change and its impacts
  • create beneficial economic impact
  • create beneficial social impact
Land use
Land use mixed within the same land unit: Ja - Silvo-pastoralism

  • Cropland
    • Annual cropping
    Number of growing seasons per year: 1
    Is intercropping practiced? Nee
  • Grazing land
    • Ranching
    Animal type: sheep
  • Forest/ woodlands
    • (Semi-)natural forests/ woodlands
Water supply
  • rainfed
  • mixed rainfed-irrigated
  • full irrigation
Purpose related to land degradation
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
  • adapt to land degradation
  • not applicable
Degradation addressed
  • soil erosion by water - Wm: mass movements/ landslides, Wr: riverbank erosion
SLM group
  • cross-slope measure
  • surface water management (spring, river, lakes, sea)
SLM measures
  • vegetative measures - V1: Tree and shrub cover
  • structural measures - S5: Dams, pans, ponds, S6: Walls, barriers, palisades, fences
  • management measures - M3: Layout according to natural and human environment

Technical drawing

Technical specifications

Establishment and maintenance: activities, inputs and costs

Calculation of inputs and costs
  • Costs are calculated:
  • Currency used for cost calculation: n.a.
  • Exchange rate (to USD): 1 USD = n.a
  • Average wage cost of hired labour per day: n.a
Most important factors affecting the costs
время года, дальность транспортировки камней, высота сооружения, ширина толщина сооружения, возможность механизации работ
Establishment activities
  1. сбор черенков (Timing/ frequency: Весна)
  2. черенки тополя или ивы и облепихи (Timing/ frequency: Весна)
  3. посадка черенков (Timing/ frequency: Весна)
  4. сбор и транспортировка камней (Timing/ frequency: Весна-Лето-Осень)
  5. сбор и транспортировка веток деревьев (Timing/ frequency: Весна-Лето-Осень)
  6. укладка растительных матов и\или камней (Timing/ frequency: Весна-Лето-Осень)
  7. скрепление камней в габионах (Timing/ frequency: Весна-Лето-Осень)
  8. Проектирование сооружения (Timing/ frequency: в течение года)
  9. Организация работ (Timing/ frequency: в течение года)
Maintenance activities
  1. замена разрушенных участков камней и крепления (Timing/ frequency: Весна-Лето-Осень)
  2. посадка черенков (Timing/ frequency: Весна)
  3. Контроль состояния сооружений (Timing/ frequency: в течение года)
  4. Ремонтные мероприятия (Timing/ frequency: в течение года)

Natural environment

Average annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
  • humid
  • sub-humid
  • semi-arid
  • arid
Specifications on climate
Климат умеренный
Slope
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitude
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Technology is applied in
  • convex situations
  • concave situations
  • not relevant
Soil depth
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter content
  • high (>3%)
  • medium (1-3%)
  • low (<1%)
Groundwater table
  • on surface
  • < 5 m
  • 5-50 m
  • > 50 m
Availability of surface water
  • excess
  • good
  • medium
  • poor/ none
Water quality (untreated)
  • good drinking water
  • poor drinking water (treatment required)
  • for agricultural use only (irrigation)
  • unusable
Water quality refers to: surface water
Is salinity a problem?
  • Ja
  • Nee

Occurrence of flooding
  • Ja
  • Nee
Species diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low
Habitat diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low

Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation
  • subsistence (self-supply)
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
  • commercial/ market
Off-farm income
  • less than 10% of all income
  • 10-50% of all income
  • > 50% of all income
Relative level of wealth
  • very poor
  • poor
  • average
  • rich
  • very rich
Level of mechanization
  • manual work
  • animal traction
  • mechanized/ motorized
Sedentary or nomadic
  • Sedentary
  • Semi-nomadic
  • Nomadic
Individuals or groups
  • individual/ household
  • groups/ community
  • cooperative
  • employee (company, government)
Gender
  • women
  • men
Age
  • children
  • youth
  • middle-aged
  • elderly
Area used per household
  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Scale
  • small-scale
  • medium-scale
  • large-scale
Land ownership
  • state
  • company
  • communal/ village
  • group
  • individual, not titled
  • individual, titled
Land use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
Water use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
Access to services and infrastructure
health

poor
x
good
education

poor
x
good
technical assistance

poor
x
good
employment (e.g. off-farm)

poor
x
good
markets

poor
x
good
energy

poor
x
good
roads and transport

poor
x
good
drinking water and sanitation

poor
x
good
financial services

poor
x
good

Impacts

Socio-economic impacts
production area (new land under cultivation/ use)
decreased
x
increased

workload
increased
x
decreased

Socio-cultural impacts
food security/ self-sufficiency
reduced
x
improved

community institutions
weakened
x
strengthened

conflict mitigation
worsened
x
improved

None
None
x
None

Ecological impacts
soil loss
increased
x
decreased

flood impacts
increased
x
decreased

Off-site impacts
damage on neighbours' fields
increased
x
reduced

Cost-benefit analysis

Benefits compared with establishment costs
Short-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Long-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Benefits compared with maintenance costs
Long-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Экономическую пользу трудно оценить, поскольку предотвращенные риски могут быть очень затратными по восстановительным мероприятиям при критических ситуациях

Climate change

Gradual climate change
annual temperature increase

not well at all
x
very well
Climate-related extremes (disasters)
local rainstorm

not well at all
x
very well
local windstorm

not well at all
x
very well
drought

not well at all
x
very well
general (river) flood

not well at all
x
very well
Other climate-related consequences
reduced growing period

not well at all
x
very well

Adoption and adaptation

Percentage of land users in the area who have adopted the Technology
  • single cases/ experimental
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have done so without receiving material incentives?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
  • Ja
  • Nee
To which changing conditions?
  • climatic change/ extremes
  • changing markets
  • labour availability (e.g. due to migration)

Conclusions and lessons learnt

Strengths: land user's view
  • снижение опасность критических ситуаций
Strengths: compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
  • относительная дешевизна местных материалов (фактически оплачивается только их транспортировка)

    Как можно сохранять устойчивость или усилить? всегда
  • инженерная простота сооружений

    Как можно сохранять устойчивость или усилить? пока есть опытные мастера и инженеры
  • возможность снизить риски землепользования на критических участках

    Как можно сохранять устойчивость или усилить? пока поддерживаются существующие сооружения
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: land user's viewhow to overcome
  • сооружения могут быть уничтожены сильным селем или паводком делать сооружения крепче
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: compiler’s or other key resource person’s viewhow to overcome
  • сооружения могут быть уничтожены сильным селем или паводком делать сооружения крепче, применять более совершенные технологии укрепления

References

Compiler
  • German Kust
Editors
Reviewer
  • Olga Andreeva
  • Joana Eichenberger
Date of documentation: Mei 22, 2011
Last update: Nov. 2, 2021
Resource persons
Full description in the WOCAT database
Linked SLM data
Documentation was faciliated by
Institution Project
Key references
  • база данных проекта Community agriculture and Watershed Management project: Группа управления проектом, бесплатно
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International