Approaches

Community-led participatory and self sustainable land restoration in India [India]

Creation: 04/13/2024 5:04 vm.
Update: 08/20/2024 8:47 vm.
Compiler: DIYA BANERJEE
Editor: –
Reviewers: Nicole Harari, William Critchley, Rima Mekdaschi Studer

UW - RM Restoration

approaches_7117 - India

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1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Approach

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

DIYA BANERJEE

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Approach (if relevant)

Community led participatory and self sustaining degraded land restoration in West Bengal (UW - RM)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Approach (if relevant)

Uttarayan Wildlife (UW) - India

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

16/11/2021

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

1.4 Reference(s) to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Technologies

Fruit tree growing for restoration of degraded lands [Uganda]

Fruit trees of Mangoes (Mangifera indica) and Oranges (Citrus sinensis) are grown on degraded land to improve soil fertility through deep soil nutrient mining and litter of leaves.

Compiler: Kamugisha Rick Nelson
06/11/2017 1:12 nm.

Агролесная мелиорация для реабилитации деградированных орошаемых земель (ИСЦАУЗР) [Uzbekistan]

На участке пахотной земли, не используемой из-за сильного засоления и заболачивания, создается плантация из солеустойчивых древесных пород, преимущественно с азотофиксирующей и высокой биодренажной способностью

Compiler: Rustam Ibragimov
12/19/2011 11:16 vm.

2. Description of the SLM Approach

2.1 Short description of the Approach

A community-led participatory approach is being implemented in West Bengal to revive and regenerate a broken and degraded landscape through sustainable land management. Local people take the lead in both action and the development of a long-term management plan.

2.2 Detailed description of the Approach

Detailed description of the Approach:

Much too long and not written as text. I have summarised and edited the language. One omission was any mention of who “we” are. I have said Uttarayan Wildlife. Is this correct? Please check that and my other edits in the following which I have entered online.
A community-led participatory approach is being implemented in West Bengal to revive and regenerate a broken and degraded landscape through sustainable land management. The approach is facilitated by Uttarayan Wildlife, an NGO. Local people take the lead in both action and the development of a long-term management plan. The identified potential/objective is sustainable and integrated business-driven landscape restoration through community participation. It is hoped to enable local communities to become part of a new generation of business professionals that will take part in integrated landscape management and business-driven landscape restoration.
The direct and indirect stakeholders involved are:
1. Local farmers, and local communities;
2. Local schools and colleges; and
3. Local government authorities

A group of facilitators guide communities in the process of recovery of damaged ecosystems. We try to guide the improvement of land towards its full potential which in our case is a traditional natural forest called Sutan – Bankura – South Bengal. It’s an approach to address a systematic crisis.
The overall goal is to achieve land degradation neutrality (LDN). With landscape restoration, that's more than just the recovery of land because a landscape is also a community. People can revitalize an area, and an economy that restores and uses the landscape with sustainable business.
We work in natural and combined zones in a mosaic restoration pattern and follow basic steps through multi-stakeholder partnerships. The sequence is as follows:
Scout and Initiate:
1. Land condition and potential – analysis and recommendations
2. Biodiversity and native forest reference studies
3. Stakeholder identification and dialogue

Co-design and co-develop:
4. Define and design adaptive planning, work on cost–benefit analyses for transformative change with TEK AND LEK and scientific study strategies/drivers for integrated landscape restoration
5.Develop an ecosystem with all possible community participation in livelihood activities

Implementation:
6. Work on:
a. Soil and water depletion
b. Seeding and plantation through nature-based solutions
c. Unsustainable grazing practices
d. Maintenance
e. Monitoring and evaluation for early learning and to adapt a theory of change

Adapt and Sustain:
7. Link livelihood activities with ecological benefits so that the community starts keeping financial capital/business in mind – and create a business case
8. A period of 20 years is minimum to see all the ‘returns’ which can be added with carbon credit benefits to make it permanent.
9. Cultural, spiritual, and recreational services
10. Adaptation to climate change

Scaling up and replication is the ultimate objective – and we will hand-over to the local community using “exit policies”, allowing entrepreneurs/farmers to develop the right skills and knowledge to independently run successful restoration businesses. We hope to scale this model beyond state boundaries with similar issues and potentials. Throughout, we will practice a public – private - partnership (PPP) to strike the right collaborations and partnerships for an efficient Business Model Canvas in order to achieve successful sustainable ecosystem restoration with the community.
In the initial stage local stakeholders were very wary in terms of trust and faith since they were voluntarily pledging their land, time and resources. With time as the model was tested successfully there has been participation from all quarters.

2.3 Photos of the Approach

Media Gallery

General remarks regarding photos:

Since most efforts are community participatory-led, this gives the local sense of ownership and sustenance making it long term sustainable.

2.4 Videos of the Approach

Comments, short description:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MASkUcKPcUU&t=89s&ab_channel=UttarayanWildlife
Our last two years of activities in a snapshot!

Date:

01/11/2023

Location:

Ranibund , Gorshika, Jhilimili, Dhatala, Kechonda, Ayodhya. Bankura and Purulia

Name of videographer:

Atin Chatterjee

Comments, short description:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZri4LpAYOQ&ab_channel=UttarayanWildlife
This is a Before and After Plantation feedback from the local farmers!

Date:

13/12/2023

Location:

Gorshika - Purulia

Name of videographer:

Atin Chatterjee

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Approach has been applied

Country:

India

Region/ State/ Province:

West Bengal

Further specification of location:

Bankura, Purulia

2.6 Dates of initiation and termination of the Approach

Indicate year of initiation:

2021

Year of termination (if Approach is no longer applied):

2027

Comments:

Its a 5 year long approach to empower the locals to continue for the next 10-20 years.

2.7 Type of Approach

project/ programme based

2.8 Main aims/ objectives of the Approach

Sustainable and Integrated landscape management and business-driven landscape restoration of degraded ecosystems and landscapes with community participation - enable local communities to become part of a new generation of business professionals that will take part in integrated landscape management and business-driven landscape restoration in a long term sustainable way.

2.9 Conditions enabling or hindering implementation of the Technology/ Technologies applied under the Approach

social/ cultural/ religious norms and values

enabling

The in-built social and religious belief of nature being good enables the project to penetrate easily among locals.

hindering

The traditional practice of paddy cultivation which presently is of very low yield and loss making but the older generation would not like to try the new agroforestry method or multi cropping system which will regenerate the soil increasing cultivation.

availability/ access to financial resources and services

enabling

Since its in a start-up mode with investment from Corporate Social Responsibility funds(this is a mandate from India government to all companies running business in India), it enables the project to penetrate smoothly.

institutional setting

enabling

The ground level institutional setting in villages have helped us to communicate, facilitate and implement since locals understand the long term benefit.

collaboration/ coordination of actors

enabling

The local farmers, landless labours, schools and colleges, local panchayats coordinate to procure degraded land, participate together to form committees and do long term maintenance of their planted lands.

legal framework (land tenure, land and water use rights)

enabling

We dont have any formal legal tenure since its a voluntary and participatory mode to procure land from land owners. This enables us to build trust with the locals.

policies

enabling

We together with locals adhere to basic country level and land level policies.

land governance (decision-making, implementation and enforcement)

enabling

Land governance is wholly in the hands of the land owners including all aspects of decision-making, implementation and enforcement. We just enable and empower.

knowledge about SLM, access to technical support

enabling

Most of the ecology knowledge is derived from our local farmers and their deep understanding of land, soil, water and plants. We also have a team of botanists and ecologists who have done extensive biodiversity study for reference. We have consultant scientists on soil, plants, water levels.

markets (to purchase inputs, sell products) and prices

enabling

Target markets are the locals or district level or the nearest big town. Most of our livelihood empowerment would be locally used and sold locally too.

hindering

Transport cost would be the only hindrance with respect to sending local produce in far away markets.

workload, availability of manpower

enabling

Availability of man power is onus of the local committee which mostly makes the process smoother.

hindering

There are cultivation seasons, festivals which hinder the process now and then but its not a show stopper.

3. Participation and roles of stakeholders involved

3.1 Stakeholders involved in the Approach and their roles

local land users/ local communities

Local farmers
Land owners
Landless owners

Equal participation

SLM specialists/ agricultural advisers

Soil experts
Water management experts
Botanists
Ecologists

Planning
Expert mitigation advise

researchers

Environmentalists
Botanists
Foresters

Biodiversity study
Plant health study
New approach

teachers/ school children/ students

Teachers
School management
Students

Participate in nature awareness, walks, knowing biodiversity
Plantation drives

Uttarayan Wildlife

Main implementation

private sector

Rainmatter Foundation
Pallishree Nursery

Funding
Expert consultation

local government

Forest Department
Panchayat

Data support
Community Support

If several stakeholders were involved, indicate lead agency:

NGO - Uttarayan Wildlife

3.2 Involvement of local land users/ local communities in the different phases of the Approach

	Involvement of local land users/ local communities	Specify who was involved and describe activities
initiation/ motivation	self-mobilization	Local farmers and committees: Voluntary participation in pledging their degraded lands for the program to revive and restore. UW approached with the plan. Participate in initiating the program and motivating other farmers to join.
planning	interactive	Together with our SLM expert team, the locals interact and plan areas of plantation, use and share their traditional knowledge to mark areas of water, soil quality, cattle grazing and accordingly the plantation map is planned.
implementation	interactive	To implement the plan the locals/stakeholders involved create local committees to organise labourers, local resources for a smooth implementation.
monitoring/ evaluation	self-mobilization	The local committees are responsible for taking care of plants - watering, checking on health and reporting, creating barriers against cattle grazings, fire etc. They implement their own mulching techniques and use organic fertiliser to safe guard plants. Due to local participation the mortality rate of plants have been less than 20% which is global standard.
	external support	We harness expertise of biologists, botanists to document the process and inspect time to time.

3.3 Flow chart (if available)

Description:

The above flow chart shows the approach/methodology and the various stakeholders involved at each stage

Author:

Diya Sur

3.4 Decision-making on the selection of SLM Technology/ Technologies

Specify who decided on the selection of the Technology/ Technologies to be implemented:

mainly land users, supported by SLM specialists

Explain:

Its a joint partnership in deciding and planning the use of technology/methodlogy as per the condition of the land and weather.

Specify on what basis decisions were made:

evaluation of well-documented SLM knowledge (evidence-based decision-making)
research findings
personal experience and opinions (undocumented)

4. Technical support, capacity building, and knowledge management

4.1 Capacity building/ training

Was training provided to land users/ other stakeholders?

Specify who was trained:

land users
field staff/ advisers

If relevant, specify gender, age, status, ethnicity, etc.

Local farmers of different age, social status are trained including women. Gender split is 40:60(women and men consecutively)

Form of training:

on-the-job
farmer-to-farmer
demonstration areas
public meetings

Subjects covered:

1. Program planning and use of technology/methodology
2. Soil testing
3. Biodiversity checking
4. Vermicompost creation
5. Standard operating procedure for plantation maintenance
6. Bee station maintenance

Comments:

Locals absorb very well and show enthusiasm and share their traditional experiences.

4.2 Advisory service

Do land users have access to an advisory service?

Specify whether advisory service is provided:

on land users' fields

Describe/ comments:

Develop SOP as taught by ecology experts for plantation and maintenance of plantation areas and nursery.
Testing soil conditions by soil experts
Biodiversity surveys to check on environmental health of the surroundings with botanists and biologists
Expert foresters help in planning plantation as per land and water conditions

4.3 Institution strengthening (organizational development)

Have institutions been established or strengthened through the Approach?

yes, moderately

Specify the level(s) at which institutions have been strengthened or established:

local

Describe institution, roles and responsibilities, members, etc.

Local farmers have set up voluntary committees to participate and implement and maintain degraded land restoration.

Specify type of support:

financial
capacity building/ training

Give further details:

Program has financial support from CSR funds - Rainmatter Foundation and local knowledge and expertise support from Pallishree including capacity building. We have external partners for support on biodiversity surveys, bee keeping.

4.4 Monitoring and evaluation

Is monitoring and evaluation part of the Approach?

Comments:

We have SOP created and checklists for monitoring and management level evaluations. We do periodic inspections with our external experts to check on the health of the program.

If yes, is this documentation intended to be used for monitoring and evaluation?

Comments:

The SOP and checklists are used for the monitoring and evaluation.

4.5 Research

Was research part of the Approach?

Specify topics:

ecology

Give further details and indicate who did the research:

We did an extensive biodiversity and phenology research which was carried out by our partner organisation with their botanists, ecologists and foresters for one year. The research paper is being published in ecology forums and science journals.

5. Financing and external material support

6. Impact analysis and concluding statements

6.1 Impacts of the Approach

Did the Approach empower local land users, improve stakeholder participation?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

Since its a community driven participatory program, we engage our land and ecologist experts in a dialogue with the locals to identify specify local problems with land degradation and find the most sustainable solution and long term benefits and with our start-up help locals are empowered to implement the solutions in their land in a sustainable way. Such collaborative engagement leads to improved stakeholder participation.

Did the Approach enable evidence-based decision-making?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

Local traditional evidence based knowledge pertaining to the specific land coupled with our biodiversity survey of nearby reference native forests by our ecology experts makes it easier to make informed decision of land management based on evidence.

Did the Approach help land users to implement and maintain SLM Technologies?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

As planned and designed by scientific experts and locals specially on forest land management, agroforestry as an approach for degraded land restoration, it was helpful to implement and maintain the SLM technologies since the approach is jointly agreed upon.

Did the Approach improve coordination and cost-effective implementation of SLM?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

Since its a joint management with locals and program experts, coordination is institutionalized and seemless. Due to close coordination, land procurement happens in bigger portions making it cost effective to implement the SLM technologies and manage in long run.

Did the Approach improve knowledge and capacities of land users to implement SLM?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

Most of the SLM technologies are indigenous

Did the Approach improve knowledge and capacities of other stakeholders?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

The local stakeholders have a fair amount of traditional knowledge of land management, reasons for soil degradation or even climatic changes. Our experts with their scientific knowledge enhanced local knowledge and traditional beliefs with evidence based theories. Our team experts and local stakeholders learn from each other and we have regular learning sessions enhancing the program on field. https://youtu.be/YJxOtm6qh-c?si=IR4M4LzOxINBVO7h

Did the Approach build/ strengthen institutions, collaboration between stakeholders?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

The community led approach built strong local committees who collaborate to plan, design and implement the program together with industry experts from our program team

Did the Approach mitigate conflicts?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

In the initial days of the program, we have witnessed many conflicts arising out of jealousy between landowners whose land is being rewilded and landless people resulting in deliberate plant destruction. Later we changed the approach to include landowners and landless people to form committees and help each other to build and implement the approach reducing conflicts. One of our other goal is also to reduce man-elephant conflict by creating natural habitats for elephants to rest and eat fodder rather than raiding crops.

Did the Approach empower socially and economically disadvantaged groups?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

The approach is inclusive and doesnt distinguish with landowners or landless people who are largely socially and economically disadvantaged groups and we try to keep a diverse stakeholder base considering minorities, tribals etc.

Did the Approach improve gender equality and empower women and girls?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

Our nursery is mostly women driven and they get employment. We encourage girls from nearby schools to participate in plantation activities.

Did the Approach encourage young people/ the next generation of land users to engage in SLM?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

Our special mini program under the main Restoration one is to encourage, empower youth/next generation with climate and nature studies, involve them in restoration work in-field and create micro mini ecosystems in their schools for them to nurture. Our goal is to nurture a generation of nature champions who all will carry this movement forward. https://youtu.be/bX4xK6-fnDs?si=ZkwJdV4LmZgq_MUP

Did the Approach lead to improved food security/ improved nutrition?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

We address SDG 1 and 2 by creating fruit forest as a food bank/security during times of severe draught which are common in arid regions.

Did the Approach lead to more sustainable use/ sources of energy?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

We use solar energy for all our energy needs specially in nursery.

Did the Approach improve the capacity of the land users to adapt to climate changes/ extremes and mitigate climate related disasters?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

One of the bigger goal of this program is to work closely with climate refugees( the local farmers) who are facing harsh climatic conditions, less cultivation/yield, economic slowdown leading to them turning into migration laborers to mitigate climatic disasters like draught due to land degradation. The program wholly addresses land degradation neutrality to enhance soil quality, water levels, increased chances of cultivation through agro-forestry thus mitigating climate related disasters.

Did the Approach lead to employment, income opportunities?

No
Yes, little
Yes, moderately
Yes, greatly

The program employs directly and indirectly more than 1200 locals in land preparation, nursery, plantation work boosting local economy.

6.2 Main motivation of land users to implement SLM

increased production

Addressing soil degradation, strategic plantation leads to regeneration of health of land and increased fruit and food production

increased profit(ability), improved cost-benefit-ratio

The fruit trees and other economically beneficial trees like bamboo etc increases profitability and cost-benefit ration in the long run

reduced land degradation

Soil and water reclamation and plantation reduces land degradation

reduced risk of disasters

Soil and water reclamation and plantation reduces land degradation and reduced risk of climatic disasters

environmental consciousness

Locals are environment conscious in their own capacity so empowering them helps to strengthen their belief.

enhanced SLM knowledge and skills

Together with their traditional knowledge and skills of land management, expert trainings and advise helps to enhance SLM knowledge and skills.

aesthetic improvement

Presently hectares of unused barren land makes the area look bare so the approach will rewild and make the area look greener with revived biodiversity.

conflict mitigation

Man-man conflict and man-elephant conflict mitigations are few of the outcomes of the approach.

6.3 Sustainability of Approach activities

Can the land users sustain what has been implemented through the Approach (without external support)?

If yes, describe how:

With an increased cost-benefit ratio in the long term, creation of food bank and increased cultivation due to land degradation neutrality, the locals would be in a better position to carry forward the approach in a sustainable way without any external support. The approach acts as a start-up kit for a better greener future.

6.4 Strengths/ advantages of the Approach

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
https://youtu.be/hZri4LpAYOQ?si=twd2yJoek0U1n1B6 As told by the local stakeholders, in past 3 years of the approach/program, they have clearly witnessed land regeneration.
They are satisfied by the equal opportunity to plan and design and use their traditional knowledge and skills, reduced man-man conflicts since they work in committees and learning new approaches.
They are very happy about increased potential of cultivation and local income.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
The approach being community-led, creates a sense of joint land management reducing internal conflicts and working towards a better future.
By achieving land degradation neutrality, regeneration boosts local economy impacting as a watershed, better children's education, more strong local policies towards mitigating climatic extreme conditions.
What started as a program has now turned into a local community led movement to uplift land degradation and reduce climate disaster and regenerate biodiversity.

6.5 Weaknesses/ disadvantages of the Approach and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Natural disasters like widespread fire destroying plantations	Create trenches and fire lines to stop spreading
Severe climatic condition like drought which makes it impossible to nurture the plants	Create water trenches and regenerate local water sources

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Natural disasters like widespread fire destroying plantations	Create trenches and fire lines to stop spreading
Severe climatic condition like drought which makes it impossible to nurture the plants	Create water trenches and regenerate local water sources

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

field visits, field surveys

10-12

interviews with land users

5-6

interviews with SLM specialists/ experts

3-4

compilation from reports and other existing documentation

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

NA( will be published soon)

7.3 Links to relevant information which is available online

Title/ description:

Program/NGO website

URL:

www.uttarayanwildlife.org

Title/ description:

NGO channel

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7q6Ii0lVAUvfDYlsKDMGuQ

Title/ description:

News articles

URL:

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/elephant-corridors-to-be-restored-in-south-bengal/article38316050.ece

Title/ description:

News articles

URL:

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/5-year-habitat-restoration-plan-for-south-bengal-jumbo-corridors/articleshow/92447156.cms?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=AmpArticleshowicon&fbclid=IwAR3PFI1eoB9eIPgTxftiO_AV7iBDeO2rc-pf-ByvQGlDMfoFauSSCeiS1FU

Title/ description:

News articles

URL:

ttps://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/elephant-corridors-to-be-restored-in-south-bengal/article38316050.ece?homepage=true

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Fruit tree growing for restoration of degraded lands [Uganda]

Fruit trees of Mangoes (Mangifera indica) and Oranges (Citrus sinensis) are grown on degraded land to improve soil fertility through deep soil nutrient mining and litter of leaves.

Compiler: Kamugisha Rick Nelson
06/11/2017 1:12 nm.

Агролесная мелиорация для реабилитации деградированных орошаемых земель (ИСЦАУЗР) [Uzbekistan]

Compiler: Rustam Ibragimov
12/19/2011 11:16 vm.

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