1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Rural hand & M/Resource Authority Chiro - Ethiopia

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

29/05/2011

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Stone faced bund is embankment constructed from stone & soil along the contour at upper part to reduce velocity of run of & length of slope with collection ditch in the uper part.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Description:- is constructed from soil embankment at the upper part. The layer of regular sheped stone embankement at lower side along the contour line. Excavated collection ditch at the uper part. Have sound foundation at lower side. Has a berm between collection ditch & soil embankement. Purpose:- To cut longer slopes into series of slopes. To increase time of concentration & infiltration rate. To decrease velocity of run off. To colect top soil, as a result to protect erosion, to increase yield at last forming a bench. Establishment/ maintenance:- Layout contour line across the slope remark the line of collection ditch, construct embandkment of soil with compaction & construct stone embankment in the outer (lower) side & requires proper foundation. Arranage the labour forces & require external inputs. Environment:- Low rain fall area, less soil depth & moisture stressed areas, low prolduction (yield) areas, on cultivated land use type, which have 8-30% slope.

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

National natural resource development of conservation dept.

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Absence of applications of land use & forest policy shortage of farm cultivated land. Absence of responsibility to develop protect all land use type population growth pressure, High way run off desposal structure. Intensive cultivation of land.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Shortage of farm land; population growth (Increase of family size) decrease of production yield of farm; soil errosion, monocropping system povertiy.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Annual croping:- sorghum 2st, the maize, sorghum with maize, maize the cow pea.

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 2

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 250 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Dec Second longest growing period in days: 180 Second longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Sep

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• cross-slope measure

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 11.83 m2.

Most of the activities were not done due to lack (constraints) of incentive foods at present only gara nigus of sorrow no. sites are functional.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Ha: aridification

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

Comments:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: reduction of slope length, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: increase of infiltration, improvement of soil structure, increase in soil fertility

Bund/ bank: level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1-1.5
Spacing between structures (m): 10
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.75
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 50m

Construction material (earth): Excavated soil from collection ditch

Construction material (stone): Suitable shape & size of stones collected from the farm.

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 12%

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Birr

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

8.6

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Digging of collection ditch (trench)	Structural	dry season
2.	Surveying	Structural	dry season
3.	Surveying	Structural	After stanest
4.	Stablization of bunds with stone	Structural	dry season
5.	Construction of soil embankment	Structural	dry season

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	125.0	125.0	100.0
Labour	Weeding & cultivation land pre	ha	1.0	24.8	24.8
Equipment	Tools	ha	1.0	3.3	3.3
Plant material	Seeds	ha	1.0	3.3	3.3
Fertilizers and biocides	Fertilizer	ha	1.0	33.3	33.3
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					189.7

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 60 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Rearange the (collaps) fallen stones	Structural	At the end of rains season/At the end of rains season/Each croping season
2.	Regilling of collapsed embankment	Structural	At the end of rain/ " " "
3.	Distilled the collection ditch	Structural	At the begin of rain season/ " "

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Weeding & cultivation land pre	ha	1.0	24.8	24.8
Equipment	Tools	ha	1.0	3.3	3.3	71.0
Plant material	Seeds	ha	1.0	3.3	3.3
Fertilizers and biocides	Fertilizer	ha	1.0	33.3	33.3
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					64.7

Comments:

An average length = 1000m, Width of stone 20cm, width of eather 80 cm

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Availability of local materials, the steepyness of site, soil type.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility is low-medium
Soil drainage/infiltration is good-medium
Soil water storage capacity is low-medium

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

and own 25% of the land.
and own 55% of the land.
and own 15% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: No. marked differences between them
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (very exuastive power) and manual labour

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state
• individual, not titled

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Other ecological impacts

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Comments:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The poor economy makes them not to adapt spontanously

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Increase yield (production) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continously apply as technology desgined.
Control of run off How can they be sustained / enhanced? Protect it from damage
Sediment harvesting How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintain it freguently
Moisture (water) harvesting How can they be sustained / enhanced? Awareness creastion (capacity building of community)
Keeps soil from washing away How can they be sustained / enhanced? Look after it after accompalishiment of activity.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Reduction of slope length How can they be sustained / enhanced? Serious follow up & maintenance
Control of dispersed run off How can they be sustained / enhanced? Reduce cattle interference (keep from interference
Increase moisture content of soil How can they be sustained / enhanced? Integerate it with other biological measures (agronomic & vegetative)
Reduce run off velocity How can they be sustained / enhanced? Increase (build) the knowledge & skills of land users. Strengthen institution.
Reduce off farm site flooding How can they be sustained / enhanced? Follow up after the life span of project (activity)

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
It takes pieces of land	Minimize the width
Easily damaged by cattle interference	Must be re-established & freguently maintained, use good shape of stones,
High labour intensive takes (consume) time & energy	By paying good incentives.
The ** ridges makes gully	Alternate it when make the structure
Difficult to do to women	Create (invent) eas** condition for women

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Easly collapsed by cattle interference	Protect from damage keep its quality & technical standards when it is used.
High labour intensive & needs incentive support	Allocate inputs (Incentives) for its.
Needs technical assistance (application) Need very good design & continous suppervision	Capacity building of community & workers.
Reguers serious follow up & maintenance	Continous follow up after establishment & maintence
Takes long time to stablize	Integerate with other technology, ensure continous technological suport measures.