Technologies

Creation of haloxylon pasture-protective strips at north desert [Kazakhstan]

Creation of sowed pastures

technologies_1090 - Kazakhstan

Completeness: 69%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

Yurchenko Vladimir

8-(3272)-99-52-34

SPC for livestock husbandry and veterinary, Ministry of agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

SLM specialist:

Alimaev Ilya

8-(3272)-21-55-29

SPC for livestock husbandry and veterinary, Ministry of agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Ministry of Agriculture of Kazakhstan (MoA) - Eritrea

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

16/10/2003

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Localization of erosion processes and moisture accumulation by creation haloxylon strips in pastures of north desert

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

1. Pasture-protective haloxylon strips are created by sowing of seeds or planting of seedlings. Strips are three-row with 3 m spacing and 3 m distance between plants.
2. Strips are destined to accumulate a precipitation, decrease wind velocity and localize degradation centers in pastures.
3. Getting the additional feed for agricultural animals and fuel for people .
4. Not more than 500 ha is introduced in South Pribalkhashye.
5. The value of 1 ha of strips is 5500 tenge taking into account a preparation of soil, collection of seeds and sowing. The value of 1 ha of strips, made by planting of seedlings is 7200 tenge.
6. This technology is recommended in north Kazakhstan desert.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Kazakhstan

Region/ State/ Province:

Almaty oblast

Further specification of location:

South Pribalkhashye

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • through projects/ external interventions
Comments (type of project, etc.):

SPC for livestock Husbandry and Veterinary of RK

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Grazing land

Grazing land

Extensive grazing land:
  • Nomadism
Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The formation of erosion centers in pastures

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Worsening of abode ecological conditions, forced migrations, increasing of feed capacity of pastures

Grazingland comments: Continuous grazing and unrestricted pasture pressure result in critical situation of degradation at sites around villages and open reservoirs

Type of grazing system comments: Continuous grazing and unrestricted pasture pressure result in critical situation of degradation at sites around villages and open reservoirs

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed
Comments:

Also mixed rainfed - irrigated

Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 2
Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 170; Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 45; Second longest growing period from month to month: Sep - Oct

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • windbreak/ shelterbelt

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:
  • 0.1-1 km2
Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 5 km2.

Now the strips created before 1991 remain on hand

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

agronomic measures

agronomic measures

  • A1: Vegetation/ soil cover
  • A3: Soil surface treatment
  • A4: Subsurface treatment
structural measures

structural measures

Comments:

Main measures: structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: early planting, minimum tillage, deep tillage / double digging

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
Comments:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Technology of creation of saxaul pasture protective strips

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil

Secondary technical functions: reduction in wind speed

Early planting
Material/ species: seeds
Quantity/ density: 25-30kg/ha
Remarks: at right angle to wind direction

Minimum tillage
Remarks: at seeding

Deep tillage / double digging
Remarks: at planting

Aligned: -against wind
Number of plants per (ha): 35-40 thousand units
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 3
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3

Other species: haloxylon 35-40 thousand units

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify currency used for cost calculations:
  • US Dollars
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

4.00

4.4 Establishment activities

Activity Type of measure Timing
1. Soil preparation Vegetative spring
2. Planting Vegetative spring
3. Cultivating of spacing areas from second year of haloxylon Vegetative 2 times in year – spring and autumn

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Soil preparation, planting and cultivating ha 1.0 9.0 9.0
Equipment Machine use ha 1.0 13.0 13.0
Plant material Seeds ha 1.0 10.0 10.0
Plant material Seedlings ha 1.0 250.0 250.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 282.0
Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Type of measure Timing/ frequency
1. Soil surface treatment Agronomic spring / 1 time.
2. Sowing Agronomic spring / 1 time.
3. Soil packing Agronomic spring / 1 time.
4. Planting Agronomic spring / 1 time.
5. Cultivating of spacing areas Vegetative spring and autumn /each year

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Comments:

For protection from hot wind for the space 1km

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

value of petrol.

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:

227.00

Agro-climatic zone
  • arid

North Kazakhstan desert

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: 490-510 m a.s.l

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • low (<1%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Dust content is up to 80% in autumn

Soil texture (topsoil): Light serozems clay sand

Topsoil organic matter: 0.8-1.2%

Soil fertility is very low since the humus content is 0.8-1.2%

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium beacuse of crushed stone base

Soil water storage capacity is very low. In spring 17-21%, in autumn the producing moisture is lacking

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial
Off-farm income:
  • less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • poor
  • average
Level of mechanization:
  • mechanized/ motorized
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%

60% of the land users are average wealthy and own 70% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: With time the plantings can be used as fuel for community people

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Comments:

It is complicated to evaluate the size of grazing land per household because the free grazing is practiced at lands appurtenant to rural akimats

0.5-1 ha is used for technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • communal/ village
Land use rights:
  • open access (unorganized)

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

fodder production

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

In spacing areas

fodder quality

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

In spacing areas

Income and costs

farm income

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

20%

Socio-cultural impacts

community institutions

weakened
strengthened
Comments/ specify:

Convincing illustrative example

Ecological impacts

Climate and disaster risk reduction

wind velocity

increased
decreased
Other ecological impacts

soil fertility

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

40-50% more in strip zone

biodiversity

diminished
enhanced
Comments/ specify:

Introduction of haloxylon in vegetation community

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Long-term returns:

slightly positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Long-term returns:

slightly positive

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • more than 50%
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

440 households in an area of 5 km2 (50-100 persons/km)

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 0-10%
Comments:

430 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

40% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

10 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: all of groups of community people are interested in use of the technology

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
increase of pasture capacity
improvement of ecological conditions in places of abode
increase of living standards
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
shortening of possibilities of dust storms in degraded pastures

How can they be sustained / enhanced? all advantages can be sustained for 30 and more years
possibility of fuel storage in woodless areas of desert
increase of pasture capacity
Influence on culture standard of people

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