1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Ethiopia (MoA) - Ethiopia

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

01/08/2003

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Construction of stones walls along the contour with trenches on the upper side of the structure while the upper part of the structure filled with soil and compacted.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

allignment of the soil along the contour, diiging of foundation, trench construction, spacing tie ridge, tree planting,

Purpose of the Technology: reduce erosion, increase soil moisture, recharge ground water, decrease ground water

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: stone wall construction, trench digging, tree and forage planting, area closure

Natural / human environment: enhance vegetation growth, decrease desertification, increase biodiversity

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

From outside the country

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• preserve/ improve biodiversity

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): deforestation, soil erosion and overgrazing

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): shortage of fuel wood, shortage of food, shortage of drinking water, soil erosion

Clear felling of (semi-)natural forests: illegal cutting of trees

Plantation forestry: Yes

3.3 Further information about land use

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 1

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• cross-slope measure

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 20.3 m2.

in some places some of the structures spacing closer than the design requirement

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Ha: aridification

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• reduce land degradation

Comments:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length

Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 2500
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 10
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 25.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 15.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

Bund/ bank: level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 10
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.85
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 5
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.9
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 250

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 25%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 15%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use practices / intensity level: area closure

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

birr

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

8.0

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	seedling production	Vegetative	July-June
2.	pitting	Vegetative	April-May
3.	planting	Vegetative	July
4.	over sawing of grasses	Vegetative	July
5.	survey & layout	Structural	Dec.-April
6.	collection of stones	Structural	Dec.-April
7.	digging foundation & trench	Structural	Dec.-April
8.	construction	Structural	Jan.-April
9.	site guard	Management	the whole year
10.	enrichment plantation and replanting	Management	onset of rainy season

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	234.0	234.0	10.0
Labour	Harvesting	ha	1.0	45.0	45.0
Equipment	Tools	ha	1.0	14.0	14.0	5.0
Plant material	Seedlings	ha	1.0	86.0	86.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					379.0

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 84 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	replanting	Vegetative	July /once
2.	stone collection	Structural	January/once

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	4.0	4.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					4.0

Comments:

Machinery/ tools: hand tools

length of structure

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

labour, slope, low survival rate of seedlings

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: 1500-3000 m a.s.l.
Landforma: Also hillslopes and footslopes
Slopes on average: Also moderate and rolling

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil texture: Medium (also fine/heavy and coarse/light)
Soil fertility is low-medium
Soil drainage/infiltration is medium
Soil water storage capacity is medium-low

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

40% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land.
60% of the land users are poor and own 60% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: there is no difference

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Other socio-economic impacts

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Other ecological impacts

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

Comments:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

35000 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: it is constructed on the hillside and it is labourous

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
highly appreciate the construction of the trench because it enhance soil miosture and improve productivity of land and cropproduction.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
it has a great contribution for the sustainability of production
increase the flow of streams
recharge and increase water table

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
restricts free grazing	allow cut and carry from the area closure

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
it needs much labour during construction	mobilize the community
it takes land out of production	integrate the technology with other vegetative measures in order to increase the productivity of land including the areas ocuppied by the structure