1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

02/06/2011

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Stone faced embankment constructed along the contour to reduce soil loss

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

It is a structural measure constructed from stone and soil and aligned along the contour. The structure is placed on a foundation having channel on the upper side of the embankment with ridges having an interval of 10 m. A space (berm) of about 15 cm is left between the embankment and the channel.

Purpose of the Technology: To reduce soil erosion, increase soil moisture, reduce slope length and steepnss.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Construction of stone wall riser starting from the foundation and compaction of the embankment to attain the given standard. Ditches are excavated and forming a tied ridges at an interval of 10 cm.

Natural / human environment: It is more applicable in areas where land degradation is serious and stone is avialable.

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Population pressure, land fragmentation, small land holding size, land taken by the structures.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion, population pressure

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes
Mixed: (eg agro-pastoralism, silvo-pastoralism): they leave small plot of land along the farm boundary growing grass to be cut and carried home to feed oxen and milking cows.

Grazingland comments: Grazing land size is getting reduced from time to time. Livestock production should be integrated with other agricultural and environmental protection activities. Livestock production should be supported with improved management systems.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Maize-barley-maize

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 2

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - SepSecond longest growing period in days: 95 Second longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Sep

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• cross-slope measure

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 10.6 m2.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Ha: aridification

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

Comments:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Oromia

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, improvement of ground cover, increase of infiltration

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 20000
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.1m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.15

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.5
Spacing between structures (m): 10
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 80
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.75
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.75
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 80

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 20%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Birr

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

8.6

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	layout of raws	Vegetative	rainy season
2.	Preparation of grass split	Vegetative	rainy season
3.	Plantation	Vegetative	rainy season
4.	Site selection	Structural	dry season
5.	Surveying	Structural	dry season
6.	Layout of yhe structure	Structural	dry season
7.	Excavation of the foundation	Structural	dry season
8.	Digging the ditches	Structural	dry season
9.	Construction of the stone wall	Structural	dry season

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	244.0	244.0
Equipment	Tools	ha	1.0	1.5	1.5	100.0
Equipment	Animal traction	ha	1.0	25.0	25.0	100.0
Plant material	Seeds	ha	1.0	12.0	12.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Fertilizer	ha	1.0	40.0	40.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					322.5

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Weeding & cultivation	Vegetative
2.	Repair the broken parts	Structural	annual

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	25.0	25.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					25.0

Comments:

The cost is calculated for a length of structure per hectare of land

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

slope of the land, foundation and dimension of the structure, soil depth and excavation of the ditches.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: 2001-2500 m a.s.l. (ranked 1), 2501-3000 m a.s.l. (ranked 2) and 1501-2000 m a.s.l. (ranked 3)
Landforms: Hill slopes (ranked 1), foot slopes (ranked 2) and mountain slopes (ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Hilly (ranked 1), steep and very steep (ranked 2) and moderate and rolling (ranked 3)

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Shallow (ranked 1), moderately deep (ranked 2) and very shallow (ranked 3)
Soil texture: Also fine/heavy (ranked 2) and coarse/light (ranked 3)
Soil fertility: Low, medium (ranked 2) and high and very low (both ranked 3)
Topsoil organic matter: Also medium (ranked 2) and high (ranked 3)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (ranked 1), medium (ranked 2) and good (ranked 3)
Soil water storage capacity: High (ranked 1), medium (ranked 2) and low (ranked 3)

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2
2% of the land users are very rich and own 2% of the land.
3% of the land users are rich and own 3% of the land.
5% of the land users are average wealthy and own 5% of the land.
10% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.
80% of the land users are poor and own 80% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: It is insignificant and they get incentives of FFW.
Market orientation grazing land: Subsistence (ranked 1) and mixed ( they leave small plot of land along the farm boundary growing grass to be cut and carried home to feed oxen and milking cows, ranked 2)

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state

Land use rights:

• individual

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Other ecological impacts

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

Comments:

90% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

5% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Conserve the soil How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continous maintenance and improving the heigh of the structure.
Forage production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Introduce multipurpose plant/grass species
Improve soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? maintain the channels

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
It conserves the soil How can they be sustained / enhanced? Increasing the height and maintenance
Improves soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? Stablizing the bund
Suitable for grass planting How can they be sustained / enhanced? Avoid free grazing

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Suitable for rodent harbouring	provision of rodent controlling mechanisms
Interference of running grasses in the cultivated land	continous weeding
Obstacle for crossing yoked oxen