1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Deutsche Welthungerhilfe e. V. (Welthungerhilfe) - Tajikistan

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

30/04/2011

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

The implementation of several low cost energy efficiency measures to reduce the amount of organic material used as fuel within rural households.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

In many cases local inhabitants of rural areas depend heavily on locally available natural resources, contributing to, and accelerating deforestation. As a low cost fuel source, local households often use cow-dung and wood. Taking these from the local area contributes to decreased soil fertility and erosion processes. Most of the dung collected from livestock is burnt in a very inefficient manner for cooking, baking and heating purposes. Based upon assessments by Welthungerhilfe in 600 households (HH) who were using cow dung as the only fuel material, on average one HH uses 4.6 tons of cow dung annually when using traditional cooking stoves, 6 tons for heating and 4.5 tons for bread baking. This means almost 15.1 tons of cow dung is burnt annually per HH.

Using a simple modification of the traditional cooking stove, approximately 50 - 60% or 2.3 tons of fuel material can be saved. This saving can be further increased by the utilisation of a pressure cooker that decreases the cooking time by 50%. Not all local hot meals can be cooked with a pressure cooker but it can contribute to an additional saving of 0.7 ton of organic matter.

The introduction of a metal heat exchanger on the exhaust pipe of a cast iron stove can help save a household 3 tons of fuel material per year, the effectiveness can be further increased by the incorporation of bread baking compartment.

Further savings can be made by using straw, mud and wood to improve the thermal insulation of the exterior walls, ceiling and floor in the house.

Through the integration of all above measures approx 60% of the current usage rates of organic material used for fuel can be saved. In addition it will keep the house warmer for longer, reduce the smoke in the air, and help retain organic material in the soil.

Purpose of the Technology: The main objective of the energy efficiency technology is to address one of the root causes of the deforestation process and to improve soil fertility i.e. to decrease the demand from the local population for organic fuel. This project used a range of technologies to address this issue which in combination provided substantial savings in organic fuel.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Cooking stoves: For centuries local populations have been using traditional cooking stoves for cooking, especially during the warm seasons of the year. These were made from a mixture of mud and straw. The modification of these involves improving the aeration process during the burning of the fuel. This is achieved by putting a metallic cover with one inflow cutting and six small smoke outflow holes surrounding the cooking pot. The only input needed which is not locally available is the metallic cover.
Pressure cookers: As maintenance is required 1-2 times per season to keep the cooking stove functioning efficiently, the utilisation of pressure cookers can be easily integrated with the modified cooking stoves.
Heat exchangers: The heat exchangers installed on top of the iron ovens, can be produced by local tradesmen and need to be cleaned every 1-2 months. They have to be installed before the start of the winter season when the heating is needed.
House installation: The house insulation, using locally available materials does not need maintenance once it is installed. However, the storage of dry fruits or bread in the attic should be avoided as it could attract mice which can destroy the insulation.

Welhungerhilfe provided subsidies for all the above work, except for the heat exchangers.

Natural / human environment: The geographical area served by the project is mainly hill slopes, covered in low grade pasture fodder with wheat crops planted in loess soil. Although the soils have the potential to be very fertile, they are overused and not well managed and thus have become degraded and denuded. One of the main contributing factors to this is the removal of organic material from the biomass cycle. Trees, bushes and organic material is cut and collected to be used as fuel.

The main source of income in the area is from semi-subsistence farming, and the removal of organic material has a significant impact on their crops and livestock.

The houses are made from concrete foundations and mud bricks, these and the current stoves are all energy inefficient and fail to retain heat.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Promotion of energy efficiency measures began in 2007 by Welthungerhilfe projects

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The land in rural Tajikistan is becomming denuded due to the pressure for organic fertilisers used as a source of fuel for heating and cooking. This impacts on soil quailty, yields and soil stability. This issue is compounded by the relatively high price of mineral fertilisers.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Crop yields decrease.

3.3 Further information about land use

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 1

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 220Longest growing period from month to month: march - october

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• > 10,000 km2

Comments:

Several energy efficiency measures were implemented by households in three neighbouring districts; Baljuvon, Temurmalik and Khovaling. These included the following: cooking stoves were modified in 1,924 HHs (households), pressure cookers were used in 132 HHS, heat exchangers were used in 569 HHs, improved house insulation in 850 HHs, and group bread baking - 10 groups (average of 10 families in each group).

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Main measures: structural measures

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Pc: compaction

Main causes of degradation: soil management (poor ploughing practices), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (deforestation), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (removal of trees and bushes for fuel pruposes.), overgrazing (imbalance of carrying capacity and size of livestock herds.), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (reduced infiltration capacity.), poverty / wealth (local population have restricted funds)

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (monoculture), change of seasonal rainfall (more intensive heavy rainfall events), droughts (events occuring more frequently), population pressure (population is increasing), labour availability (external labour migration)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

Comments:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Heat exchanger adopted by Welthungerhilfe, promoted in communities of the Khatlon region of Tajikistan.

Location: Temurmalik, Baljuvon and Khovaling districts. Khatlon region / Tajikistan

Date: September, 2009

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (promotion of EE measures)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (cooking stove modification and use of pressure cookers, mainly by females)

Technical knowledge required for Local masters: high (for construction of heat exchangers and improving house thermal insulation)

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter

Secondary technical functions: improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase of infiltration, increase of biomass (quantity)

Structural measure: cook stove

Structural measure: House insulation

Structural measure: Presure cooker

Structural measure: Heat exchanger

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

TJS

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

4.5

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Cook stove modification	Structural	any
2.	Pressure cooker	Structural	any
3.	House insulation	Structural	once in the beginning
4.	heat exchanger	Structural	once in the beginning

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	per stove	1.0	5.5	5.5	100.0
Labour	Labour	per room	1.0	37.8	37.8	100.0
Plant material	Wheat straw	bales	12.0	4.9	58.8	100.0
Construction material	Metallic cover	per stove	1.0	5.1	5.1	34.0
Construction material	Earth	per stove	1.0	0.5	0.5	100.0
Construction material	Wooden lath	per room	1.0	72.0	72.0	15.0
Construction material	Nail, lime, brush, emalen	per room	1.0	30.75	30.75	100.0
Construction material	Veneer and glueing silicone	per room	1.0	43.8	43.8	100.0
Other	Pressure cooker	piece	1.0	22.2	22.2	80.0
Other	heat exchanger	per stove	1.0	30.0	30.0	100.0
Other	Transportation cost		1.0	44.0	44.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					350.45

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	adjustment of modified cook stove	Structural	twice per year
2.	cleaning of heat exchanger	Structural	twice per year

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	per stove	1.0	3.3	3.3	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					3.3

Comments:

Machinery/ tools: brush

The costs are based upon 2010 prices.

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The price of the construction materials are dependent on many different external factors, and prices are generally increasing seasonally and annually.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

5.5 Biodiversity

Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Species diversity: medium, low

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

90% of the land users are poor.
10% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: local inhabitants are in many cases dependent on remittances from Russia and other income generating activities.

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state

Comments:

There are a variety of land user and water rights within the three districts, but they do not directly affect the implementation of the technologies.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Other ecological impacts

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	Type of climatic change/ extreme	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	not known
local windstorm	not known

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	not known

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	well

Comments:

The thermal could be modified to increase its thermal properties.

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

As it uses mainly locally available materials, it is a low cost approach which increases energy efficiency and improves resource use.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Comments:

70% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

1355 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: The amount of the local's contribution to the project themselves was between 52.7% to 100%.

30% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

569 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Fitting heat exchangers, adapting cooking stoves, and improving house thermal insulation are the main forms of technology that have been replicated in the above households.

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: This is restricted due to limited access to funds.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
It is very affordable How can they be sustained / enhanced? By involving local relevant authorities and departments
It saves and minimises expenditures for electricity, gas, and firewood procurement
The rooms are warmer and I can cook bread inside and save more fuel.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
It is a low cost measure using locally available materials. The heat exchanger can improve the heating capacity of the room threefold, for example. How can they be sustained / enhanced? replication rates could be increased through promotion to larger audiences with support of local authorities or by law.
It is environmental friendly and increases the amount of organic material that stays within the soil. How can they be sustained / enhanced? There could be further awareness raising of the benefits of keeping organic materials in the soil.
It saves time for collecting fire material wood and cow dung.
It presents an opportunity to increase land productivity through application of organic fertilisers
The technologies do not have a large initial financial cost and can be implemented progressively as funds become available. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Training of more local teachers to provide demonstrations to the community.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
More labour needed to cut fuel into smaller pieces	Behavioural change

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Not all meals can be cooked in a pressure cooker
Heat exchangers can get very hot for cooking purposes

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Brochure "Soil improvement starts with efficient cook stoves! low cost options to increase energy efficiency in Southern Tajikistan"

Available from where? Costs?

Weltgungerhilfe projects in Khatlon region, Temurmalik district

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Welthungerhilfe project final narrative report (144-912)

Available from where? Costs?

Weltgungerhilfe projects in Khatlon region, Temurmalik district