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Technologies
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Defensivo de piedra tipo "acantilado" [Bolivia, Plurinational State of]

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technologies_514 - Bolivia, Plurinational State of

Completeness: 86%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:
Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

05/03/2014

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

Nee

Comments:

Es una tecnología rustica no complicada que sirve para proteger suelos cultivables

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Defensivos flexibles y rústicos, se emplean para proteger terrenos de cultivo frente a amenazas de riadas y erosión lateral. Esta conformada de rocas de gran diámetro con altura y espesor variable que puede ser complementada con plantación de árboles.
Su resistencia y flexibilidad permite que no se deforme fácilmente ante fuertes eventos de crecidas de agua.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Esta tecnología es muy tradicional en la zona y se la ha recuperado de la experiencia de los comunarios. La tecnología puede, preferentemente, aplicarse en entornos naturales con amenazas de inundaciones dinámicas y en los márgenes de ríos. Son defensivos flexibles y rústicos que se emplean para proteger terrenos de cultivos. Esta conformado de rocas de altura y espesor variable, negus requerimiento. Se aplican paralelos al cauce del río y al pie de terreno a protegerse. Entre los insumos a usar son: piedras de gran tamaño, retroexcavadora para movimientos de tierra para la nivelación y fundación, picos, palas, barrenas y palancas; volquetes para traslado de la piedra.
Vida útil de 10 años del defensivo, disminución de costos de rehabilitación, disminución de costos de afectación por inundaciones a viviendas y terrenos de cultivo.Su tecnología es apropiada y de bajo costo usando materiales locales y costos bajos de operación y mantenimiento.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Bolivia, Plurinational State of

Region/ State/ Province:

Provincia Sud Chichas;

Further specification of location:

Comunidades Colchas e Ichupampa.

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2013

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)
Comments (type of project, etc.):

Se discutió con las comunidades el mejor sistema que resistía las inundaciones en la zona y se eligió el acantilado como la mas duradera, por experiencias previas en otras zonas de la región.

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • reduce risk of disasters
  • adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
  • Tree and shrub cropping
Main crops (cash and food crops):

Papa, maiz, frutales durazno

Comments:

Al garantizar la seguridad ante las inundaciones se asegura la venta de productos frutales y hortalizas, así como el autoconsumo.

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • mixed rainfed-irrigated
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Specify:

Son cultivos anuales como el maiz y la papa; asi como el durazno. Normalmente maiz y papa se siembra entre septiembre y noviembre y la cosecha del durazno en los mese de febrero y marzo.

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • surface water management (spring, river, lakes, sea)
  • ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • applied at specific points/ concentrated on a small area
Comments:

La tecnología se aplica en lugares puntuales e inundables especialmente en zonas de meandros

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

structural measures

structural measures

  • S6: Walls, barriers, palisades, fences
Comments:

Los defensivos tipo acantilado son en esencia medidas estructurales para prevenir efectos de inundaciones en zonas de cultivo y en algunos casos en zonas de viviendas.

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
  • Wr: riverbank erosion

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • prevent land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Author:

Marco Loma

Date:

23/10/2013

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Para un defensivo de 100 m de longitud y 3 m de altura se utiliza:
Retroexcavadora 10 hrs.
Cargador frontal 50 hrs.
Volqueta de 12 m3 noventa viajes.
900 m3 de piedra.
80 jornales de mano de obra no calificada.
14 jornales de operador.
Forestación deseable con 67 plantines por cada 100 m de longitud colocado en la parte posterior del defensivo.

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
  • per Technology area
Indicate size and area unit:

10 ha.

Specify currency used for cost calculations:
  • US Dollars
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

20 USD/dia

4.4 Establishment activities

Activity Type of measure Timing
1. None Other measures None
2. None Structural None
3. None Structural None
4. None Structural None
5. None Other measures None
6. None Structural None
7. None Structural None
8. None Structural None
9. None Vegetative None

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour no calificada dia 80.0 12.0 960.0 100.0
Labour calificada dia 14.0 25.0 350.0
Equipment retroexcavadora hora 60.0 30.0 1800.0
Equipment volqueta m3 1080.0 4.5 4860.0
Construction material piedra m3 900.0 3.0 2700.0 100.0
Other herramientas menores global 1.0 450.0 450.0
Other plantines unidad 67.0 2.0 134.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 11254.0
If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

El Proyecto reducción del riesgo de desastres financió el proyecto y la comunidad dio la mano de obra y el acopio de materiales.

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Distancia y tiempo donde a la que se encuentra el banco de materiales, específicamente las piedras o rocas.

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:

320.00

Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

Las lluvias mas intensas se producen entre los meses de diciembre - enero y febrero

Indicate the name of the reference meteorological station considered:

Vitichi y Tupiza

Agro-climatic zone
  • sub-humid

El clima en la zona es sub humeda con tenedencia a semi arida.

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:
  • not relevant

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • low (<1%)

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

5-50 m

Availability of surface water:

medium

Water quality (untreated):

for agricultural use only (irrigation)

Is water salinity a problem?

Nee

Is flooding of the area occurring?

Ja

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • low
Habitat diversity:
  • low

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Sedentary or nomadic:
  • Sedentary
  • Semi-nomadic
Market orientation of production system:
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial
Off-farm income:
  • 10-50% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • poor
Individuals or groups:
  • groups/ community
Level of mechanization:
  • animal traction
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Age of land users:
  • middle-aged
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Los usuarios son productores campesinos de la región.

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • small-scale
Comments:

Toda el área pertenece a los usuarios.

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, titled
Land use rights:
  • individual
Water use rights:
  • communal (organized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased

risk of production failure

increased
decreased

Socio-cultural impacts

food security/ self-sufficiency

reduced
improved

Ecological impacts

Climate and disaster risk reduction

flood impacts

increased
decreased
Quantity before SLM:

2 veces al año

Quantity after SLM:

ninguna

Comments/ specify:

La zona protegida ya no ha sufrido inundaciones

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

damage on neighbours' fields

increased
reduced
Comments regarding impact assessment:

No se genera ningún impacto negativo, ya que el rol del muro es de encauzamiento. Se reafirma que la tecnología es apta para la zona.

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season Type of climatic change/ extreme How does the Technology cope with it?
seasonal temperature summer increase well
seasonal rainfall summer increase very well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood well
flash flood very well
Comments:

La tecnología esta siendo implementada en la zona toda vez que los eventos extremos exacerbados por el cambio climático están concentrando las precipitaciones y por ende las inundaciones. Ante esa situación la tecnología ha demostrado tener una buena respuesta

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

positive

Long-term returns:

positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

positive

Long-term returns:

positive

Comments:

Se puede señalar que los beneficios con relación a los costos son positivos, toda vez que la tecnología puede resistir inundaciones fuertes e inclusive resitir el arrastres de algunos materiales.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • single cases/ experimental
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

10 a 20 familias

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 0-10%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

Nee

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
La tecnología no es complicada en su implementación, permite en la zona garantizar la protección de cultivos y lo más importante es que es bastante resistente en el tiempo, en comparación a otro tipo de tecnologías.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
La dependencia del tipo de material como las rocas de gran tamaño, condiciona la viabilidad del proyecto. Buscar previamente bancos de prestamos que existan en la zona.
Mover las piedras de gran tamaño genera la dependencia de maquinaria. Contar con recursos y hacer acuerdos previos con municipios para contar con la maquinaria

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

  • field visits, field surveys

reunión con usuarios

  • compilation from reports and other existing documentation

Dos reportes relativos a la tecnología utilizada y aplicada

7.3 Links to relevant information which is available online

Title/ description:

Tipología de obras de infraestructura para aumentar la resiliencia del sector agropecuario Experiencias prácticas de Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres (RRD)

URL:

http://www.rrd.com.bo/wp-content/uploads/2015/publi_fases/fase_03/14tipologiah1.pdf

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