Protección de fuentes de agua para consumo humano para la Comunidad de Puñachizag [Ecuador]
- Creation:
- Update:
- Compiler: Raul Galeas
- Editor: –
- Reviewers: Tatenda Lemann, Johanna Jacobi
technologies_4046 - Ecuador
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Expand all Collapse all1. General information
1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology
Key resource person(s)
SLM specialist:
Galeas Raúl
0986027084
raul12hc@gmail.com
CONDESAN
Calle Germán Alemán E12-123 y Carlos Arroyo del Río.
Ecuador
1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT
When were the data compiled (in the field)?
01/06/2017
The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:
Ja
1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology
Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?
Nee
2. Description of the SLM Technology
2.3 Photos of the Technology
Media Gallery
2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment
Country:
Ecuador
Region/ State/ Province:
Tungurahua
Further specification of location:
Comunidad de Puñachizag, parroquia La Matriz, cantón Quero.
Comments:
Se consideraron puntos de referencia únicamente ya que la práctica se encuentra distribuida a lo largo del perímetro de cada fuente de agua descrita. En el caso de la fuente de agua Shinsho esta está compuesta de dos áreas que son contiguas pero que están divididas por una vía de acceso.
Map
×2.6 Date of implementation
If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
- less than 10 years ago (recently)
2.7 Introduction of the Technology
Specify how the Technology was introduced:
- through land users' innovation
- through projects/ external interventions
3. Classification of the SLM Technology
3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology
- reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
- conserve ecosystem
- protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
- mitigate climate change and its impacts
- create beneficial social impact
3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied
Cropland
- Annual cropping
Mixed (crops/ grazing/ trees), incl. agroforestry
- Agro-silvopastoralism
3.3 Further information about land use
Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
- mixed rainfed-irrigated
Number of growing seasons per year:
- 2
3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs
- area closure (stop use, support restoration)
- improved ground/ vegetation cover
3.5 Spread of the Technology
Specify the spread of the Technology:
- evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:
- < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)
3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology
vegetative measures
- V1: Tree and shrub cover
structural measures
- S6: Walls, barriers, palisades, fences
management measures
- M1: Change of land use type
3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology
physical soil deterioration
- Pc: compaction
biological degradation
- Bc: reduction of vegetation cover
- Bq: quantity/ biomass decline
- Bl: loss of soil life
water degradation
- Ha: aridification
- Hs: change in quantity of surface water
- Hg: change in groundwater/aquifer level
- Hp: decline of surface water quality
- Hq: decline of groundwater quality
- Hw: reduction of the buffering capacity of wetland areas
3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation
Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
- prevent land degradation
4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs
4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology
Author:
Carol Tapia
Date:
07/11/2019
4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs
Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
- per Technology area
Specify currency used for cost calculations:
- US Dollars
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:
10-20 dólares
4.4 Establishment activities
| Activity | Type of measure | Timing | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | None | Management | None |
| 2. | None | Structural | None |
| 3. | None | Vegetative | None |
4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment
If possible, break down the costs of establishment according to the following table, specifying inputs and costs per input. If you are unable to break down the costs, give an estimation of the total costs of establishing the Technology:
6235.71
| Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | None | None | 1.0 | 1500.0 | 1500.0 | 100.0 |
| Labour | None | None | 1.0 | 400.0 | 400.0 | 100.0 |
| Plant material | None | None | 1.0 | 842.71 | 842.71 | |
| Construction material | None | None | 1.0 | 3493.0 | 3493.0 | |
| Total costs for establishment of the Technology | 6235.71 | |||||
4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities
| Activity | Type of measure | Timing/ frequency | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | None | Other measures | None |
| 2. | None | Structural | None |
4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)
| Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | None | None | 24.0 | 15.0 | 360.0 | 100.0 |
| Labour | None | None | 12.0 | 15.0 | 180.0 | 100.0 |
| Equipment | None | None | 10.0 | 12.0 | 120.0 | 100.0 |
| Total costs for maintenance of the Technology | 660.0 | |||||
5. Natural and human environment
5.1 Climate
Annual rainfall
- < 250 mm
- 251-500 mm
- 501-750 mm
- 751-1,000 mm
- 1,001-1,500 mm
- 1,501-2,000 mm
- 2,001-3,000 mm
- 3,001-4,000 mm
- > 4,000 mm
Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:
615.00
Agro-climatic zone
- sub-humid
5.2 Topography
Slopes on average:
- flat (0-2%)
- gentle (3-5%)
- moderate (6-10%)
- rolling (11-15%)
- hilly (16-30%)
- steep (31-60%)
- very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
- plateau/plains
- ridges
- mountain slopes
- hill slopes
- footslopes
- valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
- 0-100 m a.s.l.
- 101-500 m a.s.l.
- 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
- 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
- 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
- 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
- 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
- 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
- > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:
- concave situations
5.3 Soils
Soil depth on average:
- very shallow (0-20 cm)
- shallow (21-50 cm)
- moderately deep (51-80 cm)
- deep (81-120 cm)
- very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
- coarse/ light (sandy)
- fine/ heavy (clay)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):
- coarse/ light (sandy)
- fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter:
- high (>3%)
5.4 Water availability and quality
Ground water table:
on surface
Availability of surface water:
good
Water quality (untreated):
poor drinking water (treatment required)
Is water salinity a problem?
Nee
Is flooding of the area occurring?
Nee
5.5 Biodiversity
Species diversity:
- medium
Habitat diversity:
- medium
5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology
Sedentary or nomadic:
- Sedentary
Market orientation of production system:
- mixed (subsistence/ commercial
Off-farm income:
- less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
- poor
Individuals or groups:
- individual/ household
- groups/ community
Level of mechanization:
- manual work
- mechanized/ motorized
Gender:
- women
- men
Age of land users:
- middle-aged
5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology
- < 0.5 ha
- 0.5-1 ha
- 1-2 ha
- 2-5 ha
- 5-15 ha
- 15-50 ha
- 50-100 ha
- 100-500 ha
- 500-1,000 ha
- 1,000-10,000 ha
- > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
- small-scale
5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights
Water use rights:
- communal (organized)
5.9 Access to services and infrastructure
health:
- poor
- moderate
- good
education:
- poor
- moderate
- good
technical assistance:
- poor
- moderate
- good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
- poor
- moderate
- good
markets:
- poor
- moderate
- good
roads and transport:
- poor
- moderate
- good
drinking water and sanitation:
- poor
- moderate
- good
financial services:
- poor
- moderate
- good
6. Impacts and concluding statements
6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown
Socio-economic impacts
Water availability and quality
drinking water availability
drinking water quality
Socio-cultural impacts
health situation
land use/ water rights
community institutions
SLM/ land degradation knowledge
conflict mitigation
Ecological impacts
Water cycle/ runoff
water quantity
water quality
Soil
soil moisture
soil cover
soil compaction
Biodiversity: vegetation, animals
Vegetation cover
plant diversity
invasive alien species
habitat diversity
Climate and disaster risk reduction
drought impacts
emission of carbon and greenhouse gases
micro-climate
6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown
water availability
reliable and stable stream flows in dry season
6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)
Gradual climate change
Gradual climate change
| Season | Type of climatic change/ extreme | How does the Technology cope with it? | |
|---|---|---|---|
| annual temperature | increase | not known | |
| annual rainfall | increase | not known | |
| other gradual climate change | Pérdida de estacionalidad | increase | not known |
Climate-related extremes (disasters)
Meteorological disasters
| How does the Technology cope with it? | |
|---|---|
| local windstorm | well |
Climatological disasters
| How does the Technology cope with it? | |
|---|---|
| cold wave | moderately |
Biological disasters
| How does the Technology cope with it? | |
|---|---|
| epidemic diseases | not known |
6.4 Cost-benefit analysis
How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:
very positive
Long-term returns:
very positive
How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:
very positive
Long-term returns:
very positive
6.5 Adoption of the Technology
- more than 50%
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):
501 hogares
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
- 50-90%
6.6 Adaptation
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
Ja
other (specify):
Condiciones del terreno, apertura de los propietarios del terreno y la presencia de vegetación
7. References and links
7.1 Methods/ sources of information
- field visits, field surveys
- interviews with land users
- interviews with SLM specialists/ experts
- compilation from reports and other existing documentation
7.2 References to available publications
Title, author, year, ISBN:
"La biodiversidad de los páramos del Ecuador". Mena Vásconez Patricio y Medina Galo. 2001. Abya-Yala / Proyecto Páramo, Quito.
Available from where? Costs?
De acceso libre en internet.
Title, author, year, ISBN:
"La biodiversidad en el Ecuador". Bravo Velásquez Elizabeth. 2014. Universidad Politécnica Salesiana. Cuenca-Ecuador.
Available from where? Costs?
De acceso libre en internet.
Title, author, year, ISBN:
Actualización Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial-Quero 2014. Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal del Cantón Quero. 2014.
Available from where? Costs?
De acceso libre en internet.
Title, author, year, ISBN:
Actualización del Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial del cantón San Pedro de Pelileo. Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal del cantón San Pedro de Pelileo. Dr. Manuel Caizabanda Jerez. Alcalde cantonal. 2014 - 2019
Available from where? Costs?
De acceso libre en internet.
Title, author, year, ISBN:
Informe de la protección de fuentes de agua en Puñachizag.2017. Guevara, Rocío. Fondo de Páramos Tungurahua y Lucha contra la Pobreza.
Available from where? Costs?
En los archivos del Fondo de Páramos Tungurahua y Lucha contra la Pobreza en el GAD de la provincia de Tungurahua.
Title, author, year, ISBN:
El agua potable y su incidencia en la calidad sanitaria de los habitantes del barrio el progreso de la comunidad Puñachizag del cantón Quero, provincia de Tungurahua. Morales Fabián, Collay Quicintuña y Nancy Etelvina. 2015
Available from where? Costs?
De acceso libre en internet.
Title, author, year, ISBN:
Introducción a la Hidrogeología del Ecuador (Segunda Versión). Burbano Napoléon, Becerra Simón, Pasquel Efrén. 2014. INAMHI
Available from where? Costs?
De acceso libre en internet.
7.3 Links to relevant information which is available online
Title/ description:
Boletín Anual del Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología INAMHI.
URL:
http://www.serviciometeorologico.gob.ec/boletin-anual/
Title/ description:
Sistema Nacional de Información. Página de la Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo del Ecuador
URL:
http://app.sni.gob.ec/web/menu/
Title/ description:
Indicadores de pobreza del INEC 2010. Sistema Nacional de Información.
URL:
http://indestadistica.sni.gob.ec/QvAJAXZfc/opendoc.htm?document=SNI.qvw&host=QVS@kukuri&anonymous=truehttp://indestadistica.sni.gob.ec/QvAJAXZfc/opendoc.htm?document=SNI.qvw&host=QVS@kukuri&anonymous=true&bookmark=Document/BM27
Title/ description:
Anuarios meteorológicos del Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología INAMHI.
URL:
http://www.forosecuador.ec/forum/ecuador/educaci%C3%B3n-y-ciencia/35393-inamhi-anuarios-metereol%C3%B3gicos-en-pdf
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