Technologies

Sistema Ganado-Cultivo: Rotación de Pradera-Cultivo Mediante Mínima Labranza [Chile]

technologies_1657 - Chile

Completeness: 71%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:
SLM specialist:

RUIZ SÁNCHEZ CARLOS

Quilampu Ingeniero Agrónomo, D.E.A. Chile

Chile

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Sistematización de prácticas de conservación de suelos y aguas para la adaptación al cambio climático (FAO)

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

Nee

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Sistema ganado-cultivo. Rotación de cereales con praderas leguminosas anuales permanentes en suelos de baja pendiente en zona de secano

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

La tecnología implementada consiste en un sistema de mínima labranza para establecer cereales y leguminosas de grano en el secano interior de la zona centro-sur de Chile, específicamente en la comuna de Ránquil, provincia de Ñuble, Región del Biobío. Lo recomendable para la zona es establecer los cultivos en cero labranza, pero la baja disponibilidad de maquinaria limita esta opción.

Propósito de la tecnologia: La tecnología descrita reemplaza el sistema tradicional de producción en la zona, que consiste en el año anterior a la siembra hacer un barbecho y al año siguiente sembrar. Mantiene un cierto equilibrio entre la actividad agropecuaria y la actividad forestal.

Actividades de establecimiento / mantenimiento e insumos: Las investigaciones desarrolladas por INIA en la zona han demostrado que existen muchas dificultades para que las aguas lluvias y la raíces de los cultivos penetren y se desarrollen en el perfil del suelo. Para ello, en primer término y cada 3 o 4 años es necesario realizar una aradura vertical en profundidad (45 cm) denominada subsolado. Esta labor y las siembras se realizan en suelos con menos de un 15 – 20% de pendiente.
En estas condiciones se puede iniciar una rotación en el área de cereales con leguminosas de grano. Al año siguiente, donde había cereales, incluso se pueden sembrar praderas a base de leguminosas de grano. Luego, del subsolado, se pasa una rastra para preparar una cama de semilla, a continuación se desparrama a mano la semilla y el fertilizante y con la misma rastra se tapa la semilla.
La tecnología se resume en prestar mucha atención a la labor de subsolado y época de siembra, sembrando a inicio del mes de mayo, con uso de semillas de alto potencial de rendimiento, adaptadas a la zona, y una fertilización balanceada a la siembra se puede alcanzar un rápido cubrimiento del suelo, que sirve como defensa a la erosión hídrica. Si bien se produce cierto grado de pérdida de suelos por erosión, ésta es mucho menor que en el sistema tradicional, cuando se hace barbecho y se siembran variedades antiguas de bajo crecimiento invernal.
Al segundo año se deja una porción de las pajas y residuos (rastrojos) sobre el suelo, de manera de reducir las pérdidas por erosión.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Chile

Region/ State/ Province:

Región del Bíobío, Provincia Ñuble

Further specification of location:

Comuna Ránquil

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
  • 10-100 km2
Comments:

10-51 km2.

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • during experiments/ research
Comments (type of project, etc.):

La entidad investigadora es INIA (Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria), centro INIA Quilamapu

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • improve production
  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
  • Perennial (non-woody) cropping
Annual cropping - Specify crops:
  • cereals - oats
  • cereals - other
  • fodder crops - other
  • legumes and pulses - other
  • trigo
Is crop rotation practiced?

Ja

If yes, specify:

rotación trigo, avena, triticale, leguminosas

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • rotational systems (crop rotation, fallows, shifting cultivation)

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

agronomic measures

agronomic measures

  • A7: Others
Comments:

Sistema ganado-cultivo

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
chemical soil deterioration

chemical soil deterioration

  • Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)
biological degradation

biological degradation

  • Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • reduce land degradation
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Trigo Kipa INIA, 44,4 qqm/ha, costo operativo anual 25,6
qqm/ha.
Conocimientos técnicos necesarios para el personal / asesores de campo: medio
Conocimientos técnicos necesarios para los usuarios de la tierra: medio
Conocimientos técnicos necesarios para Personal de campo: medio
Principales funciones técnicas: control del impacto de la caida de lluvia, control de la escorrentía dispersa: impedir / retrasar, incremento del nivel del agua subterránea, recarga de agua subterránea

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Peso chileno

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

509.25

4.3 Establishment activities

Activity Timing (season)
1. Compra y flete insumos
2. Limpia terreno (Horas máquina (ha))
3. Subsolador tractor (Horas máquina (ha))
4. Rastraje, rastra Kong Kilder, tractor (Horas máquina (ha))
5. Aplicación fertilizantes al voleo (Horas hombre (h))
6. Siembra al voleo (Horas hombre (h))
7. Rastraje rapado semilla, rastra Kong Kilder, tractor (Horas máquina (ha))
8. Aplicación herbicida control malezas (Horas hombre (h))
9. Aplicación urea. Segunda aplicación nitrógeno (Horas hombre (h))
10. Aplicación urea. Tercera aplicación nitrógeno (Horas hombre (h))
11. Trilla (Horas máquina (h))

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Equipment Subsolador tractor 1.0 78.55 78.55
Equipment Rastraje, rastra Kong Kilder, tractor 1.0 29.46 29.46
Equipment Rastraje rapado semilla, rastra Kong Kilder, tractor 1.0 29.46 29.46
Plant material Limpia terreno 2.0 29.47 58.94
Fertilizers and biocides Aplicación fertilizantes al voleo 1.0 295.92 295.92
Fertilizers and biocides Siembra al voleo 1.0 119.78 119.78
Fertilizers and biocides Aplicación herbicida control malezas 1.0 27.17 27.17
Fertilizers and biocides Aplicación urea. Segunda aplicación nitrógeno 1.0 13.75 13.75
Other Compra y flete insumos 1.0 39.27 39.27
Other Aplicación urea. Tercera aplicación nitrógeno 1.0 13.75 13.75
Other Trilla 1.0 70.69 70.69
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 776.74
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 1.53

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Comments:

Costos corresponden a la investigación llevada a cabo por INIA Quilamapu, no son usuarios de la tierra los usuarios.

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
  • sub-humid

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • low (<1%)

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

5-50 m

Water quality (untreated):

good drinking water

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
  • commercial/ market
Individuals or groups:
  • individual/ household
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Densedad de población: < 10 persons/km2

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • small-scale

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, titled
Land use rights:
  • individual
Water use rights:
  • individual

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased

fodder production

decreased
increased

fodder quality

decreased
increased

animal production

decreased
increased

risk of production failure

increased
decreased

land management

hindered
simplified
Comments/ specify:

Necesidad de maquinaria

Income and costs

expenses on agricultural inputs

increased
decreased

farm income

decreased
increased

diversity of income sources

decreased
increased

Socio-cultural impacts

cultural opportunities

reduced
improved

recreational opportunities

reduced
improved

community institutions

weakened
strengthened

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

water quantity

decreased
increased

water quality

decreased
increased

surface runoff

increased
decreased

groundwater table/ aquifer

lowered
recharge

evaporation

increased
decreased
Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased

soil cover

reduced
improved

nutrient cycling/ recharge

decreased
increased
Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

biomass/ above ground C

decreased
increased

animal diversity

decreased
increased

beneficial species

decreased
increased

habitat diversity

decreased
increased

pest/ disease control

decreased
increased

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

reliable and stable stream flows in dry season

reduced
increased

downstream flooding

increased
reduced

groundwater/ river pollution

increased
reduced

wind transported sediments

increased
reduced

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season increase or decrease How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature increase well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm not well
Climatological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
drought not well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences
How does the Technology cope with it?
Disminución de la temperatura o aumento de episodios well

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Buen nivel de producción
Se produce todos los años en un mismo sitio
Mejora el potencial productivo del suelo

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
Metodo tradicional de cosecha afecta la fertilidad natural
Tentación de agricultores volver a metodo tradicional

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

  • field visits, field surveys
  • interviews with land users
When were the data compiled (in the field)?

08/07/2013

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

FAO (2014). Sistematización de Prácticas de Conservación de Suelos y Aguas para la Adaptación al Cambio Climático. Metodología basada en WOCAT para América Latina y el Caribe.

Available from where? Costs?

http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3741s/index.html

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