1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

Rehabilitation of terraces and diversion construction with gates … [Yemen]

The rehabilitation of walls and outlets of the terraces and diversion construction with accessories from channels and gates are carried out by the local community in a regular way

• Compiler: ahmed algalal
• 07/22/2013 middernag

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

use the stones to build walls around agricultural terraces to protect them from erosion and make outlets (Spillway) to discharge excess water and prevent the destruction of the stands

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Is a structural one of the types of measures and that is where build walls around the land of stones available in the area to protect agricultural terraces from erosion as a result of the speed of the water flow.
This process starts of building walls to collect stones available and building walls around the agricultural terraces, which is beside the waterway and then land agricultural away from the stream where are building walls around land terraces threatened drift ranges wall height 2-3 meters and a width of 30 cm and is accompanied by building outlets with the construction of the walls. Different view slot spillway and the number depending on the amount of water entering the agricultural land terraces which is used irrigation number of agricultural terraces about 4 - 5 terraces (pieces) where irrigation start from the top-down system of first come through outlets which works to protect the land from erosion and destruction by water pressure due process flood irrigation .
walls and outlets Were built by hands where the process of building need a long time, the walls are built gradually according to the height of the surface of the soil where you are collecting sediment , which requires him to do to raise the walls and well outlets .
The implementation of this technique in filled valleys on the slope moderate 5% of the irrigation system mixed and used to irrigate crop of grapes , mainly for the purpose of self-sufficiency and to go to the market to trade, is the technology of long-term investments that need to be high costs in the process of starch and because of the natural conditions of flow velocity and the output from a pool of water in the mountain slopes , the process of maintenance necessary to sustain and maintain the technology .

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Yemen

Region/ State/ Province:

Sana

Further specification of location:

Bani Hushaish district

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:

• 10-100 km2

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 20.6 km2.

Alrawanah Bani Hushaish, which is located on the eastern side of the capital Sanaa, and is about 16 km away

Map

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2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)

Comments (type of project, etc.):

It is a very old technology but was rehabilitated in 1956 by the community

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Cropland

• Tree and shrub cropping

Tree and shrub cropping - Specify crops:

• grapes

• Qat

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 1

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 90

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Erosion of riparian valley resulting from the floods in addition to gully erosion on agricultural land

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Erosion of agricultural terraces

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Comments:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated and post-flooding

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• cross-slope measure
• irrigation management (incl. water supply, drainage)

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

structural measures

• S1: Terraces

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

• Wg: gully erosion/ gullying
• Wr: riverbank erosion

physical soil deterioration

• Ps: subsidence of organic soils, settling of soil

Comments:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Ps: subsidence of organic soils, settling of soil

Main causes of degradation: floods (As a result of flow velocity and rainwater collected from many places)

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (For domestic use due to lack of alternatives such as gas), poverty / wealth (poverty), education, access to knowledge and support services

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• reduce land degradation
• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

Comments:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Stone walls with outlets

Location: Bani Hushaish district. Sana'a

Date: 15-3-2013

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (The construction process requires skills and experiences)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Has enough experience)

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, water spreading, Reduce runoff

Secondary technical functions: increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, water harvesting / increase water supply, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Spillway
Vertical interval between structures (m): S
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 2 - 3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1– 1.5

Structural measure: Stone walls
Vertical interval between structures (m): S
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 2 - 3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 60-100

Construction material (stone): Available stones in the region

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:1

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• USD

4.3 Establishment activities

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Comments:

Machinery/ tools: A Leveler , shovel and a big hammer

The calculated costs are based on the current situation and a length of the wall of 500 meters and a height of 2 meters and a width of 0.3 meters.
It should be noted that the walls do not work in all agricultural terraces, but they are working in areas threatened by drift but for outlets it is built in each of agricultural land terraces. Construction costs were calculated for walls with outlets including the number of working days per person. In fact most of the activities are at the same time and with the participation of a large number of people.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The most determinate factors affecting the costs are the collection and the transport of stones, and the difficulty of the road

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: 2400 m a.s.l.

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: 150 cm

Soil texture: Flood deposits

Topsoil organic matter: After falling grape leaves and weeds developing

Soil fertility is low - medium (output of the flood deposits)

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - good

Soil water storage capacity is medium - high

5.4 Water availability and quality

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Ground water table: 400 m

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women could not do the hard work, therefore, men do work on the farm and women do the house works.

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

70% of the land users are average wealthy and own 90% of the land.
30% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.
100% of the land users are poor and own 100% of the land.

Level of mechanization: Also mechanized, but less common

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, titled

Land use rights:

• leased
• individual

• Waqf

Water use rights:

• communal (organized)

• Waqf

Comments:

There are three types of land ownership owned, Waqf, and a share at 70%, 20%, 10% respectively.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Water availability and quality

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

Hydrological disasters

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

537 households covering 100 percent of the stated area

Comments:

537 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The technology is implemented at the level of the entire region, but due to a lack of capital the adoption is hindered.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Report of traditional knowledge and customs (sallam, et al, 2008)- General Census of Population, Housing and Establishment (Census, 2004). - 45.Guide of agricultural climate in Yemen (Al Khorasani, 2005).

Available from where? Costs?

Agricultural Research and ExtensionAuthority, AREACentral Bureau of StatisticsAgricultural Research and ExtensionAuthority, AREA