Technologies

Фитопестициды. [Tajikistan]

Creation: 05/05/2011 11:42 vm.
Update: 11/02/2021 3:15 nm.
Compiler: Rustam Kalandarov
Editor: –
Reviewers: Alexandra Gavilano, David Streiff, Joana Eichenberger

Биопестициды

technologies_1064 - Tajikistan

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Completeness: 76%

1. General information

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Использование фитопестицидов, не наносящих ущерба окружающей среде, и сделанных иp вытяжки растений для поддержки в борьбе с вредителями и болезнями.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Фитопестициды в основном сделаны из растений, включая: плодоножки картофеля, лука или томата, а также вытяжки из чеснока, перца, одуванчика, полыни горькой и дурмана. Другие биологические пестициды могут быть произведены из золы или мыла. Фитопестициды можно хранить до года.

Назначение технологии: Основная цель фитопестицидов – это помощь в борьбе с вредителями и болезнями с использованием естественного метода, не наносящего ущерба окружающей среде, и без использования химических пестицидов. Они не влияют на окружающую флору и фауну и сохраняют биологические организмы в почве.

Основные действия и вложения: Это легко используемая и не дорогая технология, которая в основном требует сбор и просушку части растений для создания пестицидов.

Природная\социальная обстановка: Технология может использоваться при любой среде в период роста. Технология в настоящий момент используется в засушливой зоне южного Таджикистана, в дехканских хозяйствах и других участках.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

Media Gallery

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Tajikistan

Region/ State/ Province:

Таджикистан

Further specification of location:

Хатлонская область. Н.Хусравский район.

Specify the spread of the Technology:

evenly spread over an area

If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:

< 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Традиционный

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

conserve ecosystem

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

Agroforestry

Cropland

Annual cropping

Number of growing seasons per year:

Specify:

в течение вегетационного периода

Comments:

Основные проблемы землепользования (по мнению составителя): Данная технология позволяет избегать использование химических пестицидов. Фитопестициды не уничтожают органический материал почвы, фактически, они обогащают почву и не наносят вреда окружающей среде

Основные проблемы землепользования (по мнению землепользователя): также

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

mixed rainfed-irrigated

Comments:

Водопотребление: богарное, смешанное богарно-орошаемое, полностью орошаемое, полностью орошаемое

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

integrated soil fertility management

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

agronomic measures

A1: Vegetation/ soil cover

Comments:

Основные мероприятия: агрономические

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

biological degradation

Bp: increase of pests/ diseases, loss of predators

Comments:

Основные типы деградации: Бб (Bp): увеличение вредителей / заболеваний, потеря хищников

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

reduce land degradation
restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

Comments:

Основная цель: реабилитация / восстановление голых земель, предотвращение / сокращение деградации

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Необходимые технические навыки для работников: средний

Необходимые технические навыки для землепользователей: средний

Основные технические функции: сохранение биогумуса в почвенном составе, обогащение микроорганизм почвы, уменьшение вредителей
Агрономические мероприятия: Фитопестициды
Материал: картофель, лук, помидор, чеснок, перец, одуванчик, полынь, шип яблоки

Мероприятия, связанные с использованием растительности: сохранение микроорганики в почве
Растительный материал: Д: деревья / кустарники, Ф: фруктовые деревья / кустарники, К: многолетние культуры, Т: трава, Др: другие

Мероприятия, связанные с использованием растительности: Растительный материал: Д: деревья / кустарники, Ф: фруктовые деревья / кустарники, К: многолетние культуры, Т: трава, Др: другие

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Производство пестицидов	3 часа

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Оплата труда	-	100.0	0.03	3.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					3.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					3.0

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Подготовка материала	1 чел / день
2.	распыление	1чел / день
3.	покупка распылителя	1

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	None	None	1.0	1.0	1.0	100.0
Labour	None	None	100.0	0.03	3.0	100.0
Equipment	None	None	2.0	25.0	50.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					54.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					54.0

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Затраты только на покупку распылителя

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall

< 250 mm
251-500 mm
501-750 mm
751-1,000 mm
1,001-1,500 mm
1,501-2,000 mm
2,001-3,000 mm
3,001-4,000 mm
> 4,000 mm

Agro-climatic zone

arid

Термический класс климата: субтропики

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:

flat (0-2%)
gentle (3-5%)
moderate (6-10%)
rolling (11-15%)
hilly (16-30%)
steep (31-60%)
very steep (>60%)

Landforms:

plateau/plains
ridges
mountain slopes
hill slopes
footslopes
valley floors

Altitudinal zone:

0-100 m a.s.l.
101-500 m a.s.l.
501-1,000 m a.s.l.
1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
> 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:

very shallow (0-20 cm)
shallow (21-50 cm)
moderately deep (51-80 cm)
deep (81-120 cm)
very deep (> 120 cm)

Topsoil organic matter:

low (<1%)

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

< 5 m

Water quality (untreated):

good drinking water

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Доступность поверхностной влаги: хорошая, средняя

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:

medium

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:

subsistence (self-supply)

Off-farm income:

> 50% of all income

Individuals or groups:

individual/ household

Level of mechanization:

manual work
mechanized/ motorized

Gender:

women
men

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Землепользователи, применяющие данную технологию, в основном среднестатистические

Плотность населения: 50-100 человек/км2

Годовой прирост населения: 2% - 3%

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

< 0.5 ha
0.5-1 ha
1-2 ha
2-5 ha
5-15 ha
15-50 ha
50-100 ha
100-500 ha
500-1,000 ha
1,000-10,000 ha
> 10,000 ha

Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?

medium-scale

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

group
individual, titled

Land use rights:

open access (unorganized)

Water use rights:

open access (unorganized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:

poor
moderate
good

education:

poor
moderate
good

technical assistance:

poor
moderate
good

markets:

poor
moderate
good

energy:

poor
moderate
good

roads and transport:

poor
moderate
good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased

increased

product diversity

decreased

increased

Socio-cultural impacts

food security/ self-sufficiency

reduced

improved

health situation

worsened

improved

Ecological impacts

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

habitat diversity

decreased

increased

pest/ disease control

decreased

increased

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	well
local windstorm	well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	well

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	not known

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

Short-term returns:

very positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Short-term returns:

very positive

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

> 50%

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

51-90%

Comments:

40 % семей землепользователей применяют эту технологию с дополнительной материальной поддержкой
60% семей землепользователей применяют эту технологию без дополнительной материальной поддержки
40 семей землепользователей применяют эту технологию без дополнительной материальной поддержки
Существует устойчивая тенденция к добровольному внедрению технологии

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Технология приемлема
Технология не наносит ущерба окружающей среды Как можно сохранять устойчивость или усилить? Технология заменяет химические пестициды на те, которые не наносят ущерба окружающей среде
Не дорого Как можно сохранять устойчивость или усилить? Фитопестициды можно произвести в любое время

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Фитопестициды эффективны только лишь на две недели	Пестициды можно подготовить, и использовать в любое время

7. References and links

Links and modules

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1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

SLM specialist:

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

2.3 Photos of the Technology

Media Gallery

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Region/ State/ Province:

Further specification of location:

Specify the spread of the Technology:

If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

Cropland

Number of growing seasons per year:

Specify:

Comments:

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

Comments:

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

agronomic measures

Comments:

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

biological degradation

Comments:

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

Comments:

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

4.3 Establishment activities

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall

Agro-climatic zone

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:

Landforms:

Altitudinal zone:

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:

Topsoil organic matter:

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

Water quality (untreated):

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:

Off-farm income: