A farmer transporting hay to Tera weekly market (©FAO/Giulio Napolitano)

Community participation in large-scale land restoration for Africa’s Great Green Wall programme (النيجر)

الوصف

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has been using a participatory approach to implement large-scale restoration of degraded land in the Sahel. Communities have been central to the programme. In the framework of the Great Green Wall initiative, adapted and useful native tree species, shrubs, and fodder grasses are planted in agro-sylvo-pastoral land. This is response to community needs and preferences while ensuring that the species and varieties are all ecologically suitable.

The approach is implemented under FAO's Action against Desertification (AAD) programme in the Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative (GGWSSI). This is Africa's flagship initiative to combat the effects of climate change and desertification, and to address food insecurity and poverty. It brings together more than 20 African countries with international agencies, research institutes, civil society and grassroots organizations. Through the GGWSSI, the vision is a mosaic of sustainable land use practices and productive landscapes stretching across North Africa, the Sahel and the Horn.
Community participation in the Great Green Wall restoration initiative is through a people-centred approach to rangeland management that puts communities at the heart of efforts. It focusses on plant species that support their livelihoods. Specifically these are a selection of well-adapted indigenous trees, shrubs and fodder grasses with proven resilience to drought and usefulness in restoration. Village communities decide on which areas to plant and on the species that they can utilise for food, for fodder, and for medicines. There are also plants that produce economically valuable goods for local, national and even international markets, such as gum arabic (from Acacia senegal) for example.
Technically, AAD supports the implementation of land restoration activities through provision of equipment, and by strengthening the technical and functional capacities of individuals, communities, and organizations in restoration techniques and sustainable land management.
The three main objectives of this approach are:
a) Poverty alleviation;
b) Ending hunger; and
c) Improving resilience to climate change.
The restoration approach is based on a five-step model:
• Communities: needs and requirements for restoration are determined through in-depth consultations with communities.
• Research: good quality seed is made available for the propagation of economically viable, locally adapted and biodiverse vegetation.
• Operational procedure: efficient operational restoration processes are ensured, including land preparation and management, assisted natural regeneration and planting.
• Monitoring: field performance of species are evaluated, as well as communal activities such as maintenance and management of restored areas.
• Capacity development: village technicians’ capacities are upgraded in forest seed collecting and nursery techniques, planting, maintenance and management of restored areas, and development of plant products, marketing, and local business management.

الموقع

الموقع: In Niger, the GGWSSI covers all the eight regions of the country. Currently FAO’s Action Against Desertification project works in the three regions of Tillabery, Dosso and Tahoua, though the approach is expanding to the remaining five regions., Tillabery, Dosso and Tahoua, النيجر

المرجع الجغرافي للمواقع المختارة
  • 0.7552, 14.00527

تاريخ البدء: 2013

سنة الإنهاء: غير متاح

نوع النهج
A woman sows a “half-moon” after its construction in Tera, Niger. (©FAO/Giulio Napolitano)
Farmers harvesting hay in Tera, Douma, Niger (©FAO/Giulio Napolitano)

غايات النهج والبيئة المواتية

الغايات/الأهداف الرئيسية للنهج
Key elements and aims of this approach include:
• Planting the right species in the right place.
• Promoting the use of quality native forest and fodder seeds for restoration.
• Ensuring that a wide range of useful plant species is made available.
• Managing natural regeneration of species and planted areas through village management committees.
• Updating a species database for gene-pool traceability, monitoring, reporting and for future uses of data and information.
الشروط التي تمكن من تنفيذ التقنية/التقنيات المطبقة في إطار النهج
  • المعايير والقيم الاجتماعية /الثقافية/ الدينية: The approach is people-centred, and builds on traditional management of land, traditional ecological knowledge and techniques such as “half-moons” (demi-lunes in French) for rainwater harvesting that facilitate improved plant establishment.
  • توفر/الوصول إلى الموارد والخدمات المالية: Individuals can acquire finance to buy seeds. On community land, finance may be needed to lease land for production of plant varieties, or for hiring labour to take care of seedlings.
  • الإطار المؤسساتي: Better organization at local level enhances community participation and commitment to achieve interventions at large-scale/community level.
  • التعاون/التنسيق بين الجهات الفاعلة: There are various levels of collaboration needed for example in establishing which land should/ can be used, in seed selection based on defined needs, and also for the provision of labor. Fundamentally, collaboration is key to agreements to achieve the desired objectives.
  • الإطار القانوني (حيازة الأراضي، وحقوق استخدام الأراضي والمياه): Securing access rights to land and water resources is a motivation for investing in reforestation.
  • السياسات: National level policies can protect and ensure supply of seeds as well facilitate access to natural resources such as land. Additionally, policies such as those in support of Great Green Wall activities create an enabling environment within which these activities can be supported.
  • حوكمة الأراضي (صنع القرار والتنفيذ والإنفاذ): Similar to legal framework above.
  • المعرفة حول الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي، والوصول إلى الدعم الفني: Knowledge around SLM contributes to maintenance and management of restored areas, thus ensuring sustainability of activities. The programme has integrated existing/traditional SLM activities such as zaï (wide planting pits)/half-moons in capturing, concentrating and storing water thus keeping soils moist and improving the chances of good plant growth in a very dry environment.
  • الأسواق (لشراء المدخلات وبيع المنتجات) والأسعار: Market access and increasing economic capacities of communities can enable active involvement in restoration especially when plant products can earn income thus facilitating local business.
  • عبء العمل، توفر القوى العاملة: Availability of labor facilitates activities such as forest seed collecting, nursery activities, planting, maintenance and management of restored areas. Most of the work is done by women who prepare the land and take the lead in planting.
الظروف التي تعيق تنفيذ التقنية/التقنيات المطبقة في إطار النهج

مشاركة وأدوار الأطراف المعنية

الأطراف المعنية بالنهج وأدوارها
ما هي الجهات المعنية / الكيانات المنفذة التي شاركت في النهج؟ حدد الأطراف المعنيين وصف أدوار الأطراف المعنية
مستخدمو الأراضي المحليون/المجتمعات المحلية Total project beneficiaries are currently 116,000 people (over half are women) Age varies from 15 to 70 years. Participants are villagers including farmers, herders, traditional healers and herbalists. Each intervention village has a village management committee set up for GGW implementation. They contribute land and labour, and village technicians are trained in large-scale degraded land restoration techniques so that they can be self-sufficient at the end of the funding. 1. Defining needs, preferences of species and objectives for land restoration in degraded areas. 2. Trained in the collection of seeds and in how to produce seedlings in village nurseries. 3.The communities involved also participated in the regular monitoring and evaluation of plots. 4. Participating in workshops including agreeing on work plans 5. Communities were also a source of rich traditional ecological knowledge 6. Supporting projects through in-kind contributions of labour and land 7. Representation in the steering committee
المنظمات المجتمعية Each intervention village has a village management committee set up for GGWSSI activities. - Contributed land, labor and village technicians to be trained in large-scale land restoration techniques geared to self-sufficiency at the end of project life. Managing intervention sites including products such as fodder. Collaborating with national and local administrations.
متخصصون في الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي / مستشارون زراعيون Support in identification of land needed for restoration, seeds, and management of restoration.
الباحثون National seed centres. 1. Address the availability of good quality seeds for collection. 2. Ensure genetic diversity reflecting varieties of native species.
منظمة غير حكومية Local NGOs and CBOs. Local NGO's were trained in land restoration activities. NGOs were also instrumental in discussions on scaling up the approaches and policy support for mainstreaming sustainable land management.
القطاع الخاص Supplies of equipment and materials needed for restoration activities. Mainly business related to procurement of goods and services.
الحكومة المحلية Local administration and national governments in the respective countries. 1. Provide technical management and management of the operational team. 2. Mobilization of communities. 3. Part of the steering committee.
الحكومة الوطنية (المخططون، صانعو القرار) 1. Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development. 2. National Agency of the Great Green Wall. 3. National Forestry Seed Centre. 4. Local authorities (i.e.Town halls/ Mairies in French) involved in Tillabery, Dosso and Tahoua regions.
منظمة دولية Royal Botanical Garden, Kew. Technical support; botanical knowledge and information resources, and identifying priority species for the Great Green Wall.
انخراط مستخدمي الأراضي المحليين/المجتمعات المحلية في المراحل المختلفة للنهج
غير موجود
سلبي
الدعم الخارجي
تفاعلي
التعبئة الذاتية
المبادرة/التحفيز
Communities’ local knowledge, needs and aspirations were the backbone of the project. Communities were extensively consulted on species identification and prioritization based on needs, including speed of production, personal knowledge and aspirations. This was through questionnaires and village workshops. Commitment and buy-in from the community was also a prerequisite for activities to start, as they had to commit to contribute land and in-kind labour. Selection of villages for restoration was based on, amongst other things, motivation and commitment by communities to participate in restoration activities, and community-based structures and organizations.
التخطيط
Extensive planning was done with communities before implementation, e.g. to agree on planting times, use of traditional techniques and land preparation.
التنفيذ
Implementation was done actively with communities who volunteered traditional knowledge as well as labour to the activities. This built on the initial procedures where species were selected and prioritized; planning of activities; and later labour in preparation of land, setting-up nurseries and transplanting.
الرصد/التقييم
Monitoring and field data collection of survival and growth of seedlings were carried out by trained village technicians in collaboration with the communities and technical institutions.
مخطط التدفق

Community process.

المؤلف: AAD Project
اتخاذ القرار بشأن اختيار تقنية الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

وقد تم اتخاذ القرارات من قبل

  • مستخدمو الأراضي وحدهم (المبادرة الذاتية)
  • مستخدمو الأراضي بشكل أساسي، بدعم من متخصصي الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي
  • جميع الجهات الفاعلة ذات الصلة، كجزء من نهج تشاركي
  • متخصصون في الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي بشكل أساسي، بعد التشاور مع مستخدمي الأراضي
  • متخصصون في الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي بمفردهم
  • السياسيون / القادة

تم اتخاذ القرارات بناء على

  • تقييم المعرفة الموثقة جيدًا بشأن الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي(اتخاذ القرارات القائمة على الأدلة)
  • نتائج البحوث
  • خبرة وآراء شخصية(غير موثقة)

الدعم الفني وبناء القدرات وإدارة المعرفة

شكلت الأنشطة أو الخدمات التالية جزءًا من النهج
بناء القدرات/التدريب
تم تقديم التدريب للأطراف المعنية التالية
  • مستخدمو الأراضي
  • موظفون ميدانيون/ مستشارون
شكل التدريب
  • في العمل
  • من مزارع إلى مزارع
  • مناطق العرض
  • اجتماعات عامة
  • دورات
المواضيع المغطاة

Technical training was provided to villages through formal modules in how to collect quality seeds in defined seed zones. The training was provided by the national forest seed centres. The training was in seedling production and participatory forest management. Other areas covered included; added-value and the development of plant products (non-timber forest products), marketing and local business management to support income generation.

خدمة استشارية
تم تقديم الخدمة الاستشارية
  • في حقول مستخدمي الأراضي
  • في مراكز دائمة
  • workshops
To re-introduce plants for large-scale restoration, effective use of seeds of wild species demands sufficient biological and technical knowledge about a large number of species to allow for collection, storage and germination of seeds and establishment of seedlings. In this approach therefore, use was made of the technical know-how of RBG Kew and their partnership with forest seed centres that guided collection of quality seeds.
تعزيز المؤسسات
تم تعزيز/إنشاء المؤسسات
  • لا
  • نعم، قليلا
  • نعم، باعتدال
  • نعم، إلى حد كبير
على المستوى التالي
  • محلي
  • إقليمي
  • وطني
صف المؤسسة والأدوار والمسؤوليات والأعضاء وما إلى ذلك.
Institutions: National government; NGOs, CBOs.
Support to the national government which is the national agency for the GGW is the entry point. Through them and based on national objectives, the project progresses to a decentralized level. At the national level, capacities have been improved on monitoring and evaluation techniques; seed identification and selection and handling.
Local level: these are the implementing partners and work on the ground. Their capacities have been improved on seed selection and restoration techniques, and on data collection
Regional level: more collaboration, coordination and knowledge sharing on the GGW initiatives as well as peer-to-peer learning.
نوع الدعم
  • مالي
  • بناء القدرات/التدريب
  • معدات
مزيد من التفاصيل
Equipment: mainly for land preparation for planting and non-timber forest product processing.
الرصد والتقييم
Regular monitoring is carried out by village communities involved in the restoration exercise. The activities include assessing seedling survival and growth, and the area planted.
البحوث
تناول البحث المواضيع التالية
  • علم الاجتماع
  • الاقتصاد / التسويق
  • علم الايكولوجيا
  • تكنولوجيا

Through a questionnaire, communities define their needs and preferences for species, and the objectives of land restoration in their selected agro-sylvo-pastoral degraded lands. Results of this consultation are fed back to them after analyses by the project team (researchers, plant experts, seed centres) for the feasibility, suitability and availability of the requested species. This creates common agreement on interventions, priorities and implementation plans, with roles and responsibilities from the communities as well as from the technical teams.
1. Sociology: prior research was done on social diversity of village communities in areas such as gender, age, and professions to decide on village selection, but also to ensure balance.
2. Economics/marketing: this was multi-faceted - on the one hand looking at community economic needs and priorities, but also on how to add value to non-timber forest products. The plant-use data received from respondents were classified according to the Economic Botany Data Collection.
These helped in deciding and prioritizing species according to community needs.
3. Ecology: the GGW initiative is typically aimed at drylands with challenges of aridity. Thus the ecology was studied to identify suitable plant species that would thrive under these conditions - in combination with traditional SLM/ water harvesting technologies that have been developed to overcome moisture deficits.
The selected species was further examined in laboratories to check their suitability for dryland environments and thereafter to ensure good quality and genetically diverse seeds are used.

التمويل والدعم المادي الخارجي

الميزانية السنوية بالدولار الأمريكي لمكون الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي
  • < 2000
  • ‏ 10,0000-2,000
  • 100,000-10,000
  • 1,000000-100،000
  • > 1,000,000
Precise annual budget: غير متاح
Action Against Desertification is implemented by FAO and partners with funding from the European Union in the framework of the 10th European Development Fund (EDF). The GGWI under AAD in Niger is funded up to around 1.5m USD for the four years of the project.
تم تقديم الخدمات أو الحوافز التالية لمستخدمي الأراضي
  • الدعم المالي/المادي المقدم لمستخدمي الأراضي
  • إعانات لمدخلات محددة
  • الائتمان
  • حوافز أو وسائل أخرى
الدعم المالي/المادي المقدم لمستخدمي الأراضي
Finances are needed for purchasing equipment; seeds were also provided; seed testing was carried out to establish appropriate type/species of those chosen by the communities.
ممول جزئيا
ممول بالكامل
عمالة

Local communities shared some tasks such as during planting period the project provided lunch.

معدات: الآلات

Provided such as hand tools, and carts for transportation.

معدات: الآلات: أدوات

Tools for SLM/WH structures and planting.

زراعة: بذور

Training was provided in a collection of native forest seeds that were then bought from them (communities thus earning an income).

بناء: حجر

For storage facilities.

العمل من قبل مستخدمي الأراضي كان

حوافز أو وسائل أخرى

Functional capacity building village communities for example in management of restoration sites and development of forest products

تحليل الأثر والتصريحات الختامية

آثار النهج
لا
نعم، قليلا
نعم، باعتدال
نعم، إلى حد كبير
هل ساهم النهج في تمكين مستخدمي الأراضي المحليين وتحسين مشاركة الأطراف المعنية؟

The project supports communities to improve the productivity of their land in direct consultation with them while benefiting from training on recording changes in the diversity of biomass in community plots and lands.

هل مكّن النهج من اتخاذ القرارات المبنية على الأدلة؟

هل ساعد النهج مستخدمي الأراضي على تنفيذ وصيانة تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟

Training was provided in various aspects such as seed selection and collection.

هل نجح النهج في تحسين التنسيق والتنفيذ الفعال من حيث التكلفة لأنشطة الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟

The project is not funding all aspects, though building sustainability through the direct capacity development and participation of communities.

هل نجح النهج في تعبئة/تحسين الوصول إلى الموارد المالية لتنفيذ الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟

1. Village technicians have been used by other projects in the area in SLM and also by the government while receiving remuneration. 2. Communities are able to sell indigenous seeds for restoration to other projects in the region, and to the government.

هل أدى النهج إلى تحسين معرفة وقدرات مستخدمي الأراضي على تنفيذ الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟

هل أدى النهج إلى تحسين معرفة وقدرات الأطراف المعنية الأخرى؟

1. Governments; training of technicians in specialized tools, training in monitoring and evaluation of SLM and in restoration impacts. 2. CBOs and local administrations: regional organizations such as CILSS-Agryhmet were also trained in the above.

هل ساهم النهج في بناء/تعزيز المؤسسات والتعاون بين الأطراف المعنية؟

The village technicians and trained seed collectors have now been organized into a regional union for supply of restoration seed.

هل ساهم النهج في التخفيف من حدة الصراعات؟

With the increasing of fodder production, pressures on other grazing areas have gone slightly down.

هل أدى النهج إلى تحسين المساواة بين الجنسين وتمكين النساء والفتيات؟

Yes; gender equality is taken into consideration – for example, women are represented in each village management community.

هل شجع النهج الشباب/الجيل القادم من مستخدمي الأراضي على الانخراط في الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟

As income comes in from restoration activities, it has encouraged young people to consider SLM as an income generating opportunity.

هل أدى النهج إلى تحسن في مسائل حيازة الأراضي / حقوق المستخدمين التي أعاقت تنفيذ تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟

Communities now see more value in restoring degraded land previously neglected and there are tenure agreements with local administration. Land tenure had been insecure for local communities, but now rights of access and use have been delivered by local administrations to local communities, guaranteeing that restoration areas belong to communities - thus ensuring sustainability, as a community perceives ownership of the investments.

هل أدى هذا النهج إلى تحسين الأمن الغذائي / تحسين التغذية؟

1. Farming in restored areas allows for more crop production. 2. Fodder production is feeding livestock better improving production of milk and meat.

هل أدى النهج إلى تحسين الوصول إلى الأسواق؟

1. Seeds and fodder are being sold by local communities to other projects, governments and communities.

هل أدى النهج إلى تحسين الوصول إلى المياه والصرف الصحي؟

not applicable.

هل أدى النهج إلى استخدام طاقة/ مصادر طاقة أكثر استدامة؟

not applicable.

هل أدى النهج إلى تحسين قدرة مستخدمي الأراضي على التكيف مع التغيرات المناخية/الظواهر المناخية المتطرفة والتخفيف من الكوارث المرتبطة بالمناخ؟

The project’s aim is to increase the resilience of natural capital and people living in the drylands while being able to adapt to climate change.

هل أدى النهج إلى توفير فرص عمل ودخل؟

In seed sales, crop production, income earning from employment of technicians.

المحفز الرئيسي لقيام مستخدمي الأراضي بتنفيذ الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي
  • زيادة الإنتاج
  • زيادة الربح (القدرة)، وتحسين نسبة التكلفة إلى العائد
  • الحد من تدهور الأراضي
  • الحد من مخاطر الكوارث
  • انخفاض عبء العمل
  • المدفوعات/ الإعانات
  • القواعد واللوائح (الغرامات) / الإنفاذ
  • الوجاهة والضغط الاجتماعي/التماسك الاجتماعي
  • الانتماء إلى حركة/ مشروع/ مجموعة/ شبكات
  • الوعي البيئي
  • العادات والمعتقدات والأخلاق
  • تعزيز المعرفة والمهارات في مجال الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي
  • تحسينات جماليية
  • التخفيف من حدة الصراع
استدامة أنشطة النهج
هل يمكن لمستخدمي الأراضي الحفاظ على استدامة ما تم تنفيذه من خلال النهج (بدون دعم خارجي)؟
  • لا
  • نعم
  • غير مؤكد

The capacity being developed should help farmers continue without external intervention e.g. training in collecting planting material, planting techniques and in managing the plots enables continuity, and the capacities developed stay within the community – for example: the trained village technicians.

الاستنتاجات والدروس المستفادة

نقاط القوة: وجهة نظر مستخدم الأرض
  • Builds on existing knowledge such as the use of zaï (pit planting).
  • Income generation e.g. from selling of seeds to governments and other land users.
  • Helping achieve communities specifics objectives such as increasing tree cover.
نقاط القوة: وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الأشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات
  • The consultation process and the mutual trust built over time, which helps people “buy into” the programme and feel ownership of the activities on the ground.
  • The technical and scientific feedback answers to priorities and preoccupation of land users in terms of restoration objectives.
  • The involvement of people in monitoring and management of their planted sites as they contribute their lands and labour.
نقاط الضعف / المساوىء / المخاطر: وجهة نظر مستخدم الأرضكيفية التغلب عليها
  • Inability to adequately influence donor plans. Frequent consultations.
نقاط الضعف / المساوىء / المخاطر: وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الأشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلوماتكيفية التغلب عليها
  • Inability to address all the needs of the beneficiaries: for example demand for water supply in dry seasons while the project focusses on rainfed restoration. Increased dialogue on interventions across sectors, such as with donors for a more systematic and integrated approach.
  • Lack of flexibility in implementation to consider some of the upcoming demands of communities.

المراجع

جامع المعلومات
  • Vivian Onyango
المحررون
  • Moctar Sacande
  • Vivian Onyango
المُراجع
  • Donia Mühlematter
  • Simone Verzandvoort
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
  • Joana Eichenberger
تاريخ التوثيق: 5 يوليو، 2017
اخر تحديث: 21 أغسطس، 2024
الأشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات
الوصف الكامل في قاعدة بيانات WOCAT
بيانات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي المرتبطة
تم تسهيل التوثيق من قِبَل
المؤسسة المشروع
المراجع الرئيسية
  • FAO. 2015. Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands: building resilience and benefitting livelihoods. Forestry Paper No. 175. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.: UN-FAO
  • Community participation at the heart of Africa’s Great Green Wall Restoration model. Authors: M. Sacande, N. Berahmouni and S. Hargreaves. In Unasylva. Volume 66 2015/3: UN-FAO
روابط للمعلومات ذات الصلة المتوفرة على الإنترنت
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