1.2 تفاصيل الاتصال بالأشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات والمؤسسات المعنية بتقييم وتوثيق النهج

اسم المشروع الذي سهّل توثيق/تقييم النهج (إذا كان ذلك على صلة)

Preventing and Remediating degradation of soils in Europe through Land Care (EU-RECARE )

اسم المؤسسة (المؤسسات) التي سهلت توثيق/تقييم النهج (إذا كان ذلك على صلة)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - سويسرا

1.3 الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT

متى تم تجميع البيانات (ميدانيا)؟:

06/05/2015

يوافق جامع المعلومات والشخص (لاشخاص) الرئيسي لمصدر المعلومات على الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT:

نعم

1.4 المراجع الخاصة باستبيان(استبيانات) تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

2.1 وصف موجز للنهج

Through the soil support program land users get subsidies for applying conservation technologies on their fields during a period of 6 years.

2.2 وصف تفصيلي للنهج

وصف تفصيلي للنهج:

Aims / objectives: The aim of the office of soil protection is to enhance the implementation of conservation agriculture technologies by swiss land users. Therefore land users can test different technologies for 6 years within the soil support program. For each technology and method they apply they get paid by the government. Thus the functional character of soil and the soil biology are preserved, soil erosion and soil compaction are prevented and production of ammoniac is reduced.

Methods: The aims named above can be reached by implementing conservation agriculture technologies such as direct seeding or mulching. Therefore, land users get a financial incentive for using and implementing such technologies on their own fields. They apply for a period of 6 years to use conservation technologies. At the beginning, at least two different technologies must be chosen. There are different technologies in the field of soil protecting cropping systems, soil composition and ammoniac reducing spreading systems. Moreover, the office of soil protection has its own testing fields where land users get an overview over the different technologies and can then decide on which method they want to apply. After a land user gets a contract, planning and details about the technology and the process of implementation are discussed separately with an advisor of the program.
A database with all information necessary for land users and controlling institutions is also granted by the office. Controllers of the local government must check the field and the implementation of the technologies of a participant land user at least once a year.

Stages of implementation: The soil support program of the Canton Bern is an extension of a previous program. Results of this previous program showed that regarding soil pollution, soil erosion and loss of nitrogen agricultural production can even be improved when using conservation technologies. Through a new agricultural policy in 2007 government is able to provide financial support for projects enhancing protection of natural resources. The soil support program was then approved 2008 and started its 6-year program in 2009. To promote this project different descriptions were made in press and media, a homepage was launched and through soil days and public speeches information was spread under land users.
When implementing a conservation technology land users get advice and consultations directly through advisors in order to provide as much information and help as possible.

Role of stakeholders: Land users are the most important group of stakeholders. They need to apply to the program and change their cropping system and implement conservation technologies. At the beginning there are many critics among them who don't trust conservation technologies to be as effective and productive as their traditionalist ones. Land users open to a change and concerning the benefit for natural and biological environment apply to the program. It is very important to involve land users and their views and concerns into the process of planning after the contract but also even at the very beginning of the program. If technologies are not compatible with their views they are not going to fully implement a technology and keep it after the program.
Advisors are employed by the program administration. It is their job to provide help to the land users. They are most important in the beginning when a land user chooses his conservation technology. They are on field together with the land user and discuss the best possible technology for the land user. To find the appropriate technology is always a tricky task.
Government and local government play the crucial role of money lenders and supervisors. Representatives of the local government need to check a land user and the application of his conservation technology at least once a year. If it is approved government provides the payment in form of subsidies for the conservation technology applied by the land user. This amount differs from technology to technology.

2.3 صور عن النهج

2.5 البلد/المنطقة/المواقع التي تم تطبيق النهج فيها

2.6 تواريخ بدء وإنهاء تنفيذ النهج

2.7 نوع النهج

• قائم على مشروع/برنامج

2.8 الغايات/الأهداف الرئيسية للنهج

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (water and air pollution, biodiversity, rethinking agricultural practises)

The main aim of the program was to implement conservation technologies into the livelihood of swiss land users. Because of financial incentives land user even get subsidies for implementing a conservation technology on their fields. The other objective not only of the project was to get land users to overthink their traditional view of agriculture and to focus more on the conservation of natural environment and especially soil. Through the project land users shall be encouraged to carry on with the conservation technology they applied in the project. Thus, the main aims focus especially on the implementation and continuation of sustainable land use technologies in swiss agriculture.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: Das Hauptproblem zu Beginn des Projekts war die Unwissenheit der Bauern. So kam es teilweise zu Ernteverlusten durch falsche Anwendung einer Massnahme. Zudem ignorierten einige Bauern die Vorschriften des Programms, vor allem bei der Fruchtfolge. Eine Befolgung dieser Vorgaben ist jedoch unerlässlich für die erfolgreiche Einführung einer Massnahme und deren Gelingen. Ein nächstes Problem war der Einsatz von Glyphosat bei der Anwendung von Direktsaat. Dieses Herbizid wird auch in der breiten Bevölkerung nur gering toleriert. Ein letztes Problem waren schliesslich die traditionellen Ansichten einiger Bauern, welche wie ihre Väter und Grossväter nach Ablauf der 6 Jahre zurück auf ihre traditionellen Anbauverfahren wechselten. Hier konnte das Projekt nicht den gewünschten Erfolg erzielen.

2.9 الظروف التي تمكن أو تعيق تنفيذ التقنية/التقنيات المطبقة بموجب النهج

3.1 أصحاب المصلحة المعنيون بالنهج وأدوارهم

3.2 انخراط مستخدمي الأراضي المحليين/المجتمعات المحلية في المراحل المختلفة للنهج

	انخراط مستخدمي الأراضي المحليين/المجتمعات المحلية	حدد من شارك وصف الأنشطة
المبادرة/التحفيز	سلبي	Land users need at first to be convinced to implement the technologies an take part in the program.
التخطيط	غير موجود
التنفيذ	الدعم الخارجي	Land users need to implement the conservation technologies. They get help and support from advisors of the program and get paid for implementing a conservation technology by the federal government.
الرصد/التقييم	سلبي	Land users are part of the monitoring because they reflect themselves and the technology they apply at every stage as well. However, it is the controllers of the local government who evaluate the technology and the application on the field.
Research	تفاعلي	For more information on the implementation and experience of the land users who applied conservation technologies, their part in the phase of research is definitely active. Interaction between research and land users takes place during workshops or field trips. Land users get also more and more interested in research results.

3.3 مخطط التدفق (إذا كان متاحًا)

3.4 اتخاذ القرار بشأن اختيار تقنية/تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

حدد من الذي قرر اختيار التقنية/التقنيات التي سيتم تنفيذها:

• متخصصون في الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي بشكل أساسي، بعد التشاور مع مستخدمي الأراضي

اشرح:

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by land users supported by SLM specialists

4.1 بناء القدرات/التدريب

هل تم تقديم التدريب لمستخدمي الأراضي / الأطراف المعنيين الآخرين؟:

نعم

حدد من تم تدريبه:

• مستخدمو الأراضي
• موظفون ميدانيون/ مستشارون

شكل التدريب:

• في العمل
• من مزارع إلى مزارع
• مناطق العرض
• اجتماعات عامة
• دورات

المواضيع المغطاة:

Mainly the training of implementing soil conservation technologies got very interesting for the land users. They participate more frequently on trainings than they have to. They learn how to protect their field from erosion by water, when to best cultivate their fields and much more in order to successfully apply a conservation technology.

4.2 خدمة استشارية

هل يملك مستخدمو الأراضي وصولا إلى خدمة استشارية؟:

نعم

حدد ما إذا كانت الخدمة الاستشارية متوفرة:

• في حقول مستخدمي الأراضي

وصف/تعليقات:

Name of method used for advisory service: Annual meetings; Key elements: technical support, planning of crop rotation and conservation technology, monitoring

Advisory service is very adequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities

4.3 تعزيز المؤسسات (التطوير التنظيمي)

هل تم إنشاء أو تعزيز مؤسسات من خلال هذا النهج؟:

• نعم، باعتدال

حدد المستوى (المستويات) التي تم فيها تعزيز أو إنشاء المؤسسات:

• محلي

حدد نوع الدعم:

• معدات

اعط مزيدا من التفاصيل:

Mainly contractor companies were highly supported because of the conservation technologies which required special technical equipment which was provided by them.

4.4 الرصد والتقييم

هل يشكل الرصد والتقييم جزءا من النهج؟:

نعم

التعليقات:

bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: None

technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: None

economic / production aspects were ad hoc monitored by land users through observations; indicators: None

area treated aspects were regular monitored by project staff, government through measurements; indicators: None

no. of land users involved aspects were regular monitored by project staff, government through measurements; indicators: None

management of Approach aspects were regular monitored by project staff, government through observations; indicators: None

There were few changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: The aim of reducing the amount of glyphosate came up frequently during the application of conservation technologies.

There were few changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: None

4.5 البحوث

هل كانت البحوث جزءًا من النهج؟:

نعم

حدد المواضيع:

• علم الايكولوجيا
• تكنولوجيا

أعط تفاصيل إضافية وأشر إلى من قام بالبحوث:

Different professors of international universities provided important basic informations: John Baker (NZL), Karlheinz Köller (Hohenheim). Also the University of Bern and the technical college provided information on conservation technologies and their implementation

Research was carried out both on station and on-farm

5.1 الميزانية السنوية لمكون الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي في النهج المذكور

إذا لم تكن الميزانية السنوية الدقيقة معروفة، قم بالإشارة إلى نطاقها:

• > 1,000,000

التعليقات (على سبيل المثال المصادر الرئيسية للتمويل/الجهات المانحة الرئيسية):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (Swiss federal government): 80.0%; local government (district, county, municipality, village etc) (Canton of Berne): 20.0%

5.2 الدعم المالي/المادي المقدم لمستخدمي الأراضي

هل حصل مستخدمو الأراضي على دعم مالي/ مادي لتنفيذ التقنية/ التقنيات؟:

نعم

إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم، حدد نوع (أنواع) الدعم والشروط والمزودين:

Contributions were provided by the federal government. This was part of the Approach.

5.3 إعانات لمدخلات محددة (بما في ذلك العمالة)

إذا كان العمل من قبل مستخدمي الأراضي مدخلاً جوهريًا، فهل كان:

• مدفوع نقدا

التعليقات:

Labour by land users also sometimes voluntarily

5.4 الائتمان

هل تم توفير ائتمان في إطار نهج أنشطة الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟:

كلا

6.1 آثار النهج

6.2 المحفز الرئيسي لقيام مستخدمي الأراضي بتنفيذ الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

6.3 استدامة أنشطة النهج

هل يمكن لمستخدمي الأراضي المحافظة على استدامة ما تم تنفيذه من خلال النهج (بدون دعم خارجي)؟:

• نعم

إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم، صف كيف:

The land users know very much about the conservation technologies and the application of these after the program. They also know which technology is best for their fields. Therefore, they can continue the Approach activities without support. However, the most important reason for the land users to continue is their will to do it. If a land user does not see the difference and is not fully willing to continue he will not do so even if there are subsidies for conservation agriculture.

6.4 نقاط قوة/مزايا النهج

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي
With the program land users get to know how important it is to protect their soils against different types of degradation. The Approach helps to implement technologies to keep soil fertility alive on a longterm view which is highly important. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The knowledge of possibilities to protect agricultural fields must be spread even further under land users. Conservation technologies can be applied by every land user no matter how their fields are composed of.)
The program and its conservation technologies can provide some protection against future problems to be concerned with climate change. Because soil can keep more water and its storage capacity is enhanced through conservation agriculture, soil can take and hold the water for a longer time. If there is a dry period soils under conservation technologies are less likely to dry out than conventional fields. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The storage capacity of soils is an important character of soils and must therefore be protected which means root penetration must be sustained.)
When applying conservation technologies, soil is more tolerant to previous dangerous factors like heavy machines. Therefore, great and heavy machines used for conservation agriculture do not provide a risk for compaction to soils. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: With the application of conservation technologies there are also new possibilities associated like using heavy agricultural machines without compaction. These advantages must also be noticed when debating the benefit of conservation agriculture.)

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات
With the soil support program land users learn how to best treat and cultivate their fields. The Approach has the advantage that conservation technologies can be applied for each land user individually which means that not every conservation technology is suitable for each land user. The individual solutions for a land user which are possible are a great strength. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The diversity of conservation technologies must be sustained in order to provide a great range of different possibilities for the land user. Not every field provides the best conditions for a certain technology.)
Land users and their advisors know each other most of the time quite good because advisors themselves come from the agricultural sector. This provides an atmosphere of familiarity which is positive for both of the stakeholders. Problems and ideas can be openly discussed. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Advisors must have an agricultural background in order to understand land users and their problems and struggles. With the same knowledge base solutions can be better found and a good working atmosphere is provided.)
The support provided by the advisors and the project staff is excellent. Land users get a lot of technical, bio-physical and environmental knowledge from them which they can transfer to their practices. The continuation after the 6 year's duration of the program is therefore mostly granted by the immense support for the land users. They get encouraged to continue conservation technologies and do it because they feel good and strengthened after 6 years of training and practice. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Support at the different stages and on different places must be guaranteed. It gives land users and the program itself much confidence of fulfilling the aims. )

6.5 نقاط الضعف/ العيوب في المنهج وطرق التغلب عليها

نقاط الضعف/ المساوىء/ المخاطر من وجهة نظر مستخدم الأراضي	كيف يمكن التغلب عليها؟
There are higher costs at the beginning for conservational agriculture than for conventional agriculture. New machines or contractors are needed to cultivate the fields.	Higher costs at the beginning can not directly be overcome. But it must be mentioned that there will be lower costs after the beginning and that the implementation of a conservation technology on a longterm base is profitable.
There is much working effort needed in the beginning for implementing and applying a new technology. The benefit may not always be seen.	Land users themselves must see the advantages even when they need to do more at the beginning. The relationship with other land users and the support of the family plays also a crucial role here. The Approach itself just provides an overview of the advantages and gives advice to the land user.
Compared to the number of total land users in the Canton of Bern or Switzerland itself, conservation agriculture is practiced only by about 3%. This number is far too low.	The program can not be unlimited to all land users because of the financial subsidies. It could however be stretched to other Cantons to provide a similar program. But this might be very difficult because of the financial resources. Conventional agriculture must therefore get more attention in public and in politics.

نقاط الضعف/ المساوىء/ المخاطر من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات	كيف يمكن التغلب عليها؟
The number of applicants is limited by the project. Compared to the total number of land users in Canton Bern there are just few participants to the program.	The conditions for participation could be reduced for land users. This would probably lead to more participants. However, more participants require more subsidies and therefore the costs increase. If government would approve of this is therefore doubtful.

7.1 طرق جمع/مصادر المعلومات

7.2 المراجع للمنشورات المتاحة

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

VOL (Volkswirtschaftsdirektion des Kantons Bern) 2009: Bodenbericht 2009

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

Bodenfachschutzstelle des Kantons Bern, Rütti, 3052 Zollikofen