1.2 تفاصيل الاتصال بالأشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات والمؤسسات المعنية بتقييم وتوثيق النهج

اسم المشروع الذي سهّل توثيق/تقييم النهج (إذا كان ذلك على صلة)

Sustainable Landmanagement in south-western Madagascar (SuLaMa / GLUES)

اسم المؤسسة (المؤسسات) التي سهلت توثيق/تقييم النهج (إذا كان ذلك على صلة)

Universität Kassel - ألمانيا

1.3 الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT

متى تم تجميع البيانات (ميدانيا)؟:

01/10/2015

يوافق جامع المعلومات والشخص (لاشخاص) الرئيسي لمصدر المعلومات على الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT:

نعم

1.4 المراجع الخاصة باستبيان(استبيانات) تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

2.1 وصف موجز للنهج

Communicating and transferring scientific results and recommendations about sustainable land management to local people

2.2 وصف تفصيلي للنهج

وصف تفصيلي للنهج:

Aims / objectives: The central aim of this approach was to increase environmental awareness in the Mahafaly region of southwestern Madagascar using visual communications tools. Comic-style illustrations were originally designed to communicate scientific recommendations on sustainable land management (SLM) and to ensure knowledge transfer from scientists to local people.

Methods: Visual communication, based on pictures, drawings, movies, sequential images and posters plays a vital role in countries where many people are illiterate. Another advantage is its easy reproduction in comparison to oral communication. It may also transfer knowledge where oral communication fails because of linguistic barriers or simply because complex narratives and messages are easier to explain visually than orally. In the context of a participatory research project to support SLM on the Mahafaly Plateau in southwestern Madagascar, comic-style illustrations of visual narratives were used to focus on environmental problems and SLM strategies. Since cross-cultural differences arise in “visual languages” globally, the visualization style needs to be carefully selected. Furthermore, misunderstanding of visual narratives may occur when objects are drawn not realistically enough, or if the statement is abstract or only presented from a scientific The central aim point of view. To avoid misinterpretation and increase readability and local acceptance, the style of comics was specifically designed for the conditions in rural Madagascar using a traditional Malagasy art style (sepulchre art in the form of “Aloalo” tomb sculptures). Comic illustrations were prepared to show the impact of different land use practices on the environment and local livelihoods using two contrasting stories/scenarios. The “red story” depicts a worst case scenario of unsustainable practices that are often applied by local inhabitants and the “green story” shows an example of a best case scenario based on an alternative, sustainable land management option recommended by scientific experts. To keep the stories simple and understandable, there was a focus on scientific key messages which can be easily transformed into visual narratives - and technical details were left aside.

Stages of implementation: The six year (2011-2016) transdisciplinary research consortium of Malagasy and German universities was initiated in the Mahafaly region of southwestern Madagascar in order to support sustainable land management (SuLaMa = Sustainable Land Management in southwestern Madagascar). Based on scientific research regarding the diversity and local use of forest resources and SLM practices in animal and crop husbandry, key messages and recommendations, which were easy to implement, were formulated by the scientific experts. Two examples of overused natural resources and one example of a neglected soil improvement practice were chosen for comic-style illustrations and transformed to visual narratives. These are (i) sustainable harvesting practice of wild yams (Dioscorea bemandry); (ii) composting of manure and its application to improve soil fertility and yields in home gardens; and (iii) sustainable utilization of the succulent tree Euphorbia stenoclada (called 'samata' in the local dialect) as supplementary forage for livestock. During an inception phase for the implementation of visual narratives in the study region, different drawing styles were tested and assessed to gather information on the local perception of art. Drawing styles showing the highest acceptance rate and readability were subsequently used to prepare the comics. The comics were printed on robust clay coated paper and handed out to local inhabitants during larger village workshops, where the different stories were presented and discussed.

2.3 صور عن النهج

2.5 البلد/المنطقة/المواقع التي تم تطبيق النهج فيها

2.6 تواريخ بدء وإنهاء تنفيذ النهج

2.7 نوع النهج

• قائم على مشروع/برنامج

2.8 الغايات/الأهداف الرئيسية للنهج

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (sustainable land use, livestock husbandry, crop production, yams)

Comic-style illustrations were designed for environmental education purposes to communicate scientific results and recommendations on sustainable land management and ensure knowledge transfer from scientific experts to local people. It is the general aim of the approach to raise awareness for sustainable land use and environmental protection and therefore to improve both people's livelihoods and the efficiency in the use of natural resources.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: The approach area is characterized by low agricultural production, a lack of technical knowledge, low education level and conflicts over resource use.

2.9 الظروف التي تمكن أو تعيق تنفيذ التقنية/التقنيات المطبقة بموجب النهج

3.1 أصحاب المصلحة المعنيون بالنهج وأدوارهم

3.2 انخراط مستخدمي الأراضي المحليين/المجتمعات المحلية في المراحل المختلفة للنهج

	انخراط مستخدمي الأراضي المحليين/المجتمعات المحلية	حدد من شارك وصف الأنشطة
المبادرة/التحفيز	غير موجود
التخطيط	تفاعلي	data surveys, questionnaires, group discussions
التنفيذ	الدعم الخارجي	village workshops to present the comics and to explain the storylines.
الرصد/التقييم	تفاعلي	stepwise evaluation and improvement of comic understanding and acceptance by land users and the community
Research	سلبي

3.3 مخطط التدفق (إذا كان متاحًا)

3.4 اتخاذ القرار بشأن اختيار تقنية/تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

حدد من الذي قرر اختيار التقنية/التقنيات التي سيتم تنفيذها:

• متخصصون في الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي بشكل أساسي، بعد التشاور مع مستخدمي الأراضي

اشرح:

During the six-year term of the original project, researchers gained a deep inside into the daily routine and workflow of the local population. The technology approach was therefore based on this knowledge and aimed at some of the major problems identified.

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by SLM specialists with consultation of land users

4.1 بناء القدرات/التدريب

هل تم تقديم التدريب لمستخدمي الأراضي / الأطراف المعنيين الآخرين؟:

نعم

حدد من تم تدريبه:

• مستخدمو الأراضي
• موظفون ميدانيون/ مستشارون

شكل التدريب:

• مناطق العرض
• اجتماعات عامة

4.2 خدمة استشارية

هل يملك مستخدمو الأراضي وصولا إلى خدمة استشارية؟:

نعم

4.3 تعزيز المؤسسات (التطوير التنظيمي)

هل تم إنشاء أو تعزيز مؤسسات من خلال هذا النهج؟:

• نعم، باعتدال

حدد المستوى (المستويات) التي تم فيها تعزيز أو إنشاء المؤسسات:

• محلي

حدد نوع الدعم:

• مالي
• بناء القدرات/التدريب
• معدات

اعط مزيدا من التفاصيل:

Local schools can be equipped with material and practical training courses can be developed with the collaboration of teachers, village chiefs and elders.

4.4 الرصد والتقييم

هل يشكل الرصد والتقييم جزءا من النهج؟:

نعم

التعليقات:

technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: Data on land use practices were collected.

technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: Data on human well-being and social conventions (customs, traditions, rituals) were collected.

socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Comics were distributed to land users and discussed with representatives of 15 villages.

no. of land users involved aspects were ad hoc monitored by None through observations

Evaluation aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: evaluation of understanding and acceptance of comics

There were several changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: The understanding of the comics, their acceptance and the possible implementation of the land use approaches still have to be investigated during a follow-up evaluation process. There were few changes in the technologies. This still needs to be investigated during the evaluation process.


There were few changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: This still needs to be investigated during the evaluation process.

4.5 البحوث

هل كانت البحوث جزءًا من النهج؟:

نعم

حدد المواضيع:

• علم الاجتماع
• الاقتصاد / التسويق
• علم الايكولوجيا
• تكنولوجيا

أعط تفاصيل إضافية وأشر إلى من قام بالبحوث:

Research was carried out on-farm

5.1 الميزانية السنوية لمكون الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي في النهج المذكور

إذا لم تكن الميزانية السنوية الدقيقة معروفة، قم بالإشارة إلى نطاقها:

• ‏ 10,0000-2,000

التعليقات (على سبيل المثال المصادر الرئيسية للتمويل/الجهات المانحة الرئيسية):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)): 100.0%

5.2 الدعم المالي/المادي المقدم لمستخدمي الأراضي

هل حصل مستخدمو الأراضي على دعم مالي/ مادي لتنفيذ التقنية/ التقنيات؟:

نعم

5.3 إعانات لمدخلات محددة (بما في ذلك العمالة)

• معدات

إذا كان العمل من قبل مستخدمي الأراضي مدخلاً جوهريًا، فهل كان:

• تطوعي

التعليقات:

Travel expenses for the field trip of the comic illustrator was covered by the project

5.4 الائتمان

هل تم توفير ائتمان في إطار نهج أنشطة الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟:

كلا

6.1 آثار النهج

6.2 المحفز الرئيسي لقيام مستخدمي الأراضي بتنفيذ الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

6.3 استدامة أنشطة النهج

هل يمكن لمستخدمي الأراضي المحافظة على استدامة ما تم تنفيذه من خلال النهج (بدون دعم خارجي)؟:

• نعم

إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم، صف كيف:

Land users can implement the technologies presented in the comics without further help. However for additional applications, new case-specific comic drawings will have to be prepared as the land users may not be able to transmit messages about other practices.

6.4 نقاط قوة/مزايا النهج

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي
Structured surveys carried out after the distribution of the material showed that local people understood and generally accepted the comic stories.

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات
This approach has great potential for communication of any knowledge not only scientific. It should be further supported and widely used especially in rural areas with low literacy but not only there. Pictures have a great impact on peoples’ perception and messages can be easier memorized.
The more the pictures correspond with reality, the better is the “readability” and identification. The fewer the needless details shown, the better the recognition.
The environmental education material offers various possibilities of application, e.g. in schools or during village meetings. It can be used by the local communities over a long period of time.
As soon as an appropriate illustration style is found, various topics can be supplemented and more complex subjects can be depicted in greater detail. Individual comic strips may form the base for a more comprehensive but well understandable and adoptable compendium.

6.5 نقاط الضعف/ العيوب في المنهج وطرق التغلب عليها

نقاط الضعف/ المساوىء/ المخاطر من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات	كيف يمكن التغلب عليها؟
Considerable investment and preparation is needed to implement comic-style illustration methods. Comic strips have to be provided in sufficient volume and quality, as reprinting is too expensive for local communities.
In-depth knowledge and understanding of local traditions and practices is mandatory as apparently minor (incorrect) details and finesses may hamper the comprehensibility and acceptance of the comic strips.
The design of comics that are both comprehensive and convertible by their contents for the local population requires a lot of time consuming preliminary work. If available, local artists and organizations should be called in and involved into this process to make sure, at the same time, that the approach can be carried on and developed by local stakeholders.

7.1 طرق جمع/مصادر المعلومات

7.2 المراجع للمنشورات المتاحة

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

Andriamparany, J.N., 2015. Diversity, local uses and availability of medicinal plants and wild yams in the Mahafaly region of southwestern Madagascar.Andriamparany J.N., Brinkmann K., Whiele M., Jeannoda V., Buerkert A. (2015). Modelling the distribution of wild yam species in southwestern Madagascar using biotic and abiotic factorsFeldt, T., 2015. Interrelatedness of grazing livestock with vegetation parameters and farmers' livelihoods in the Mahafaly region, southwestern MadagascarFeldt, T., Schlecht, E., (2016). Analysis of GPS trajectories to assess spatio-temporal differences in grazing patterns and land use preferences of domestic livestock in southwestern MadagascarGoetter, J.F., Neudert, R., (accepted). New rules are not rules: privatization of pastoral commons and local attempts at curtailment in southwest MadagascarHanisch, S., 2015. Improving cropping systems of semi-arid southwestern Madagascar under multiple ecological and socio-economic constraintsWeiss, D. (2014). Visual communication: a promising approach in developing countries?

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

PhD thesis, University of Kassel, Germany

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

Andriamparany J.N., Brinkmann K., Whiele M., Jeannoda V., Buerkert A. (2015). Modelling the distribution of wild yam species in southwestern Madagascar using biotic and abiotic factors

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 212, p. 38-48.

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

Feldt, T., 2015. Interrelatedness of grazing livestock with vegetation parameters and farmers' livelihoods in the Mahafaly region, southwestern Madagascar

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

PhD thesis, University of Kassel, Germany

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

Feldt, T., Schlecht, E., (2016). Analysis of GPS trajectories to assess spatio-temporal differences in grazing patterns and land use preferences of domestic livestock in southwestern Madagascar

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 6 (1).

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

Goetter, J.F., Neudert, R., (accepted). New rules are not rules: privatization of pastoral commons and local attempts at curtailment in southwest Madagascar

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

International Journal of the Commons

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

Hanisch, S., 2015. Improving cropping systems of semi-arid southwestern Madagascar under multiple ecological and socio-economic constraints

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

PhD thesis, University of Kassel, Germany

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

Weiss, D. (2014). Visual communication: a promising approach in developing countries?

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

Bachelor thesis, University of Kassel, Germany