المناهج

Local level participatory planning approach [أثيوبيا]

تاريخ الإنشاء: 01/22/2009 منتصف الليل
تحديث: 04/04/2018 12:26 م
جامع المعلومات: Daniel Danano
المحرر: –
المراجعون: Fabian Ottiger, Deborah Niggli

approaches_2388 - أثيوبيا

عرض الأقسام

توسيع الكل

الإكتمال: 86%

1. معلومات عامة

2. وصف نهج الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

2.1 وصف موجز للنهج

An approach used by field staff to implement conservation activities, involving farmers in all stages of planning, implementation and evaluation.

2.2 وصف تفصيلي للنهج

وصف تفصيلي للنهج:

Aims / objectives: The Local Level Participatory Planning Approach (LLPPA) starts with the selection of communities based on needs and problem assessment. Then development committees are formed, consisting of one or two technical staff and seven to eight farmers. They are elected by the community through a general assembly of land users.

Stages of implementation: The development committees plan and coordinate development activities. They first conduct a survey of the biophysical and socio-economic conditions of the area. Then problems are identified and prioritised with the community members through participatory rural appraisal (PRA). Land use analysis, followed by the definition of objectives, identification of development options and selection of appropriate SWC interventions, is carried out on a consultative basis. Targets for achievements are established, and resources and inputs are determined. Finally the development committee prepares a work plan. The plan for SWC activities is then submitted to the community leaders, and the approval of the plan is made by the general assembly of land users, in consultation with the technical field staff. The development committee is given the responsibility for organising implementation. The beneficiaries actively participate in this implementation, in maintenance and in utilisation of the assets created, by contributing their labour and resources. Whenever required technical field staff give technical advice during implementation of development activities - area closure for rehabilitation in this case. Participatory monitoring and evaluation of activities is another important element of the approach.

Role of stakeholders: The main purpose of LLPPA is to enhance farmersâ€™ involvement in all steps of the development process, from the initial stages of planning, to implementation of the activities, and in the evaluation of the achievements. A good relationship between land users and field workers, and acceptance as well as support of the development activities by the land users are fundamental prerequisites for fruitful implementation and maintenance of SWC measures.

2.3 صور عن النهج

معرض الوسائط

2.5 البلد/المنطقة/المواقع التي تم تطبيق النهج فيها

البلد:

أثيوبيا

المنطقة/الولاية/المحافظة:

Alaba

مزيد من التفاصيل حول الموقع:

South Ethiopia, Ethiopia

2.7 نوع النهج

قائم على مشروع/برنامج

2.8 الغايات/الأهداف الرئيسية للنهج

- encourage the involvement of the beneficiary population and the technical personnel in the whole development process (ie initial planning, implementation, monitoring/evaluation) so that sustainable development, leading to improved living conditions is attained, - reduce land degradation (gully formation and landslides, sediment flow into downstream water harvesting and storage tanks) and enhance natural regeneration and fertility of soils in order to increase the productivity of degraded areas: provide livestock feed, fuel and construction wood, and higher crop yields

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: Difficulties in attaining sustainable development through area closures for rehabilitation are due to: - lacking sense of ownership: land users feel that development attained in enclosures belongs to the government, - lack of awareness about land degradation problems, and the values of conservation measures, - reluctance to maintain activities and protect assets created, - shortage of livestock feed, fuelwood and construction material, - increasing land degradation problems (on- and off-site) due to improper land use and poor farming practices, - food insecurity and poverty

2.9 الظروف التي تمكن أو تعيق تنفيذ التقنية/التقنيات المطبقة بموجب النهج

توفر/الوصول إلى الموارد والخدمات المالية

معيق

Lack of financial resources: >90% of the community members are poor.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Provision of hand tools by the project. Provide training to raise awareness about benefits.

الإطار القانوني (حيازة الأراضي، وحقوق استخدام الأراضي والمياه)

معيق

Land tenure (land is state and public property)

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Assure land user rights and provide certificates

The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights moderately hindered the approach implementation Area closures would provide better opportunities and advantages to the beneficiaries if hillsides were distributed to individual farmers, and if they were provided with user right certificates for the plots developed by them. In that case each farmer would give more attention to the protection and maintenance of assets developed.

المعرفة حول الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي، والوصول إلى الدعم الفني

معيق

1) Cultivating steep slopes due to overpopulation and land subdivision (holdings of 0.25-0.5 ha/household).
2) Deforestation: illegal cutting of trees due to lack of fuel/construction wood, letting livestock into closed areas. Lack of management plans for planted trees.
3) Overgrazing of sloping lands resultng in severe gullies (on >50% of the land) and landslides. No controlled grazing

Treatment through the SLM Approach: 1) Apply appropriate land use practices according to land potential and apply SWC practices. Alternative income generation.
2) Training and awareness raising on how to assume responsibilities to protect the assets developed. Plant trees in woodlots and provide alternative energy sources (e.g. kerosene)
3) practise zero grazing, cut-and-carry and/or controlled grazing

غير ذلك

معيق

Lack of awareness: Lack of awareness about soil degradation and appropriate management practices.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Awareness raising through training and awareness creation seminars.

3. المشاركة وأدوار الأطراف المعنية

3.1 أصحاب المصلحة المعنيون بالنهج وأدوارهم

مستخدمو الأراضي المحليون/المجتمعات المحلية

In the approach area women's participation is more than 50% (and this is increasing) in the implementation of SWC measures. However, women are still not playing a sufficient role in decision making, due to cultural norms/values.

متخصصون في الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي / مستشارون زراعيون

الحكومة الوطنية (المخططون، صانعو القرار)

منظمة دولية

3.2 انخراط مستخدمي الأراضي المحليين/المجتمعات المحلية في المراحل المختلفة للنهج

	انخراط مستخدمي الأراضي المحليين/المجتمعات المحلية	حدد من شارك وصف الأنشطة
المبادرة/التحفيز	تفاعلي	self-motivation: few farmers take the initiative
التخطيط	تفاعلي	initiated by technical staff, motivated by the development committee: identify problems, prioritise them and seek solutions
التنفيذ	تفاعلي	community is responsible for implementation, some incentives are given for motivation: farmers are organised into working teams
الرصد/التقييم	سلبي	initiated by extension agents, annual evaluation during community meeting
Research	غير موجود	none

3.3 مخطط التدفق (إذا كان متاحًا)

الوصف:

The Regional Bureau of Agriculture provides the technical support and coordinates the programme at the regional level. It is linked but not directly accountable to MoA. The Zonal office participates in the monitoring and evaluation of the activities and also provides technical advice. Kebele is the lowest administrative unit formed of different villages. Several Kebeles make a Wereda. Development committees are assigned by the general assembly and comprise members from farmers/community and the development agents working in the area.

3.4 اتخاذ القرار بشأن اختيار تقنية/تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

حدد من الذي قرر اختيار التقنية/التقنيات التي سيتم تنفيذها:

مستخدمو الأراضي بشكل أساسي، بدعم من متخصصي الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

اشرح:

Made by the community/land users in consultation with SWC specialists/extension workers.

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by land users supported by SLM specialists. Made by the community members based on the plan of action prepared by the development committee (comprising farmers and technical staff).

4. الدعم الفني وبناء القدرات وإدارة المعرفة

4.1 بناء القدرات/التدريب

هل تم تقديم التدريب لمستخدمي الأراضي / الأطراف المعنيين الآخرين؟:

نعم

شكل التدريب:

دورات

المواضيع المغطاة:

Extension workers and Wereda district SWC specialists are given regular training on LLPPA and area closure management. Community leaders and the development committee are trained every year on the various techniques of soil conservation. Two to three day awareness creation seminars are held for the community in general. The awareness creation programme played a significant role.

4.2 خدمة استشارية

هل يملك مستخدمو الأراضي وصولا إلى خدمة استشارية؟:

نعم

حدد ما إذا كانت الخدمة الاستشارية متوفرة:

في حقول مستخدمي الأراضي

وصف/تعليقات:

Key elements: training, demonstration of the technology, provision of the necessary inputs for application

Advisory service is quite adequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; The extension service has been adequate, due to support by MoA and donor agencies such as the World Food Programme.

4.3 تعزيز المؤسسات (التطوير التنظيمي)

هل تم إنشاء أو تعزيز مؤسسات من خلال هذا النهج؟:

نعم، إلى حد كبير

حدد المستوى (المستويات) التي تم فيها تعزيز أو إنشاء المؤسسات:

محلي

حدد نوع الدعم:

مالي

4.4 الرصد والتقييم

هل يشكل الرصد والتقييم جزءا من النهج؟:

نعم

bio-physical aspects were regular monitored through measurements; indicators: chane in slope, sediment trapped in ditch, soil depth, ground cover, amount of biomass, rate of regeneration of trees and shrubs, productivity of livestock, spring water discharge, soil loss, runoff

technical aspects were regular monitored through measurements; indicators: quality of structural measures, survival rate of planted trees

socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored through measurements; indicators: community participation in planning and implementation, trends in the participation of poor and rich farmers, womens' participation and decision making between men and women

economic / production aspects were regular monitored through measurements; indicators: amount of grass produced, household income from enclosures, availability and production of wood for fuel, increas in soil fertility

area treated aspects were regular monitored through measurements; indicators: area treated by structural and vegetative measures

no. of land users involved aspects were regular monitored through measurements; indicators: land users participating in planning, implementation and decision making

management of Approach aspects were regular monitored through measurements; indicators: number of land users participating in the implementation, land users participating in maintenance activities, type of activities undertaken on voluntary basis

There were few changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: As a result of monitoring and evaluation improvements in quality of micro-basins and/or trenches, for example, led to better attaining the standards of technology design initially proposed.

4.5 البحوث

هل كانت البحوث جزءًا من النهج؟:

نعم

أعط تفاصيل إضافية وأشر إلى من قام بالبحوث:

Very little work is done with regard to research in area closure and LLPPA.

5. التمويل والدعم المادي الخارجي

5.1 الميزانية السنوية لمكون الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي في النهج المذكور

التعليقات (على سبيل المثال المصادر الرئيسية للتمويل/الجهات المانحة الرئيسية):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (national): 10.0%; international non-government ((World Food Programme, WFP)): 40.0%; local community / land user(s) (-): 50.0%

5.2 الدعم المالي/المادي المقدم لمستخدمي الأراضي

هل حصل مستخدمو الأراضي على دعم مالي/ مادي لتنفيذ التقنية/ التقنيات؟:

نعم

إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم، حدد نوع (أنواع) الدعم والشروط والمزودين:

There is considerable support to local institutions: they get more money through selling trees and grass from enclosures, which in turn strengthens the institutions financially and socially. The development committee continues to exist after the project phases out. The same committee could take up other development issues.

5.3 إعانات لمدخلات محددة (بما في ذلك العمالة)

زراعة

حدد المدخلات التي تم دعمها	إلى أي مدى	حدد الإعانات
بذور	ممول بالكامل

Seedlings	ممول بالكامل

إذا كان العمل من قبل مستخدمي الأراضي مدخلاً جوهريًا، فهل كان:

الغذاء مقابل العمل

5.4 الائتمان

هل تم توفير ائتمان في إطار نهج أنشطة الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟:

كلا

6. تحليل الأثر والتصريحات الختامية

6.1 آثار النهج

هل ساعد النهج مستخدمي الأراضي على تنفيذ وصيانة تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟:

لا
نعم، قليلا
نعم، باعتدال
نعم، إلى حد كبير

Applied conservation measures in areas under closure considerably improve soil and water management, resulting in an increase in soil depth, ground cover, biomass, and in survival rates of planted trees and forage shrubs.

Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?

لا
نعم، قليلا
نعم، باعتدال
نعم، إلى حد كبير

There has been a high adoption rate (both with and without project support) of the approach as well as the technology - as can be observed in nearby communities.

6.3 استدامة أنشطة النهج

هل يمكن لمستخدمي الأراضي المحافظة على استدامة ما تم تنفيذه من خلال النهج (بدون دعم خارجي)؟:

نعم

إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم، صف كيف:

Land users can continue without support - and are actually doing so where the support for area closure has already stopped.

6.4 نقاط قوة/مزايا النهج

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات
Involvement of land users in decision making (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: More work on empowerment/land use rights.)
Encourages working in a team (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Further strengthen team organisation.)
Application of appropriate land use practices contributing to sustainable development (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Further improvement of productivity by encouraging land users to make maximum use of development achievements.)
Rapid benefits obtained: provision of livestock fodder (through cut-andcarry), fuel wood and construction material (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Expand use of improved planting materials.)

6.5 نقاط الضعف/ العيوب في المنهج وطرق التغلب عليها

نقاط الضعف/ المساوىء/ المخاطر من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات	كيف يمكن التغلب عليها؟
Dependence on incentives	Improve the methods of using incentives: incentives should be understood as a means for promoting participation rather than as a payment.
Low sense of ownership	Distribute the enclosures to individual land users.
The involvement of rich members of the community in the development committee is low	Development committee needs to be represented by different target groups.
Site guards are given incentives by the project	The community will have to assume this responsibility in future.