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Zhasela Community Forest Management Group (CFMG) [بوتان]

approaches_6892 - بوتان

عرض الأقسام

توسيع الكل
الإكتمال: 97%

1. معلومات عامة

1.2 تفاصيل الاتصال بالأشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات والمؤسسات المعنية بتقييم وتوثيق النهج

الشخص (الأشخاص) الرئيسي لمصدر المعلومات

مستخدم الأرض:

Dorji Palden

17945217

Bragong village, Jalang chiwog, Minjey gewog, Lhuentse Dzongkhag

بوتان

مستخدم الأرض:

Rinzin Tshewang

17740115

Bragong village, Jalang chiwog, Minjey gewog, Lhuentse Dzongkhag

بوتان

مستخدم الأرض:

Yangchenmo

77737061

Bragong village, Jalang chiwog, Minjey gewog, Lhuentse Dzongkhag

بوتان

مستخدم الأرض:

Norbu Sonam

17903318

Bragong village, Jalang chiwog, Minjey gewog, Lhuentse Dzongkhag

بوتان

مستخدم الأرض:

Yonten Kinga

17739175

Bragong village, Jalang chiwog, Minjey gewog, Lhuentse Dzongkhag

بوتان

اسم المشروع الذي سهّل توثيق/تقييم النهج (إذا كان ذلك على صلة)
Strengthening national-level institutional and professional capacities of country Parties towards enhanced UNCCD monitoring and reporting – GEF 7 EA Umbrella II (GEF 7 UNCCD Enabling Activities_Umbrella II)
اسم المؤسسة (المؤسسات) التي سهلت توثيق/تقييم النهج (إذا كان ذلك على صلة)
National Soil Services Center, Department of Agric (National Soil Services Center, Department of Agric) - بوتان

1.3 الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT

متى تم تجميع البيانات (ميدانيا)؟:

23/07/2023

يوافق جامع المعلومات والشخص (لاشخاص) الرئيسي لمصدر المعلومات على الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT:

نعم

2. وصف نهج الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

2.1 وصف موجز للنهج

The Zhasela Community Forest (CF) in Lhuentse covers an area of approximately 208 acres (83 ha). The Zhasela CF Management Group (CFMG), consisting of members of 15 households, has been formed for sustainable utilization and management of forest resources, protection of water sources, and income generation through the sale of sustainable forest products to reduce poverty.

2.2 وصف تفصيلي للنهج

وصف تفصيلي للنهج:

Zhasela Community Forest (CF) covers an area of approximately 208 acres (83 ha). The community forest name “Zhasela” is derived from the local deity of the forest, Zhasela. The CF is a cool broadleaf forest. The dominant tree species found are the species of the genera Michelia, Persia, Symplocos, Betula, and Cinnamomum. The CF is looked after by the Community Forest Management Group (CFMG) consisting of members of 15 households. The operation of the CFMG is guided by the Community Forest Management Plan (CFMP). The first period of Zhasela CF management was between 2004 and 2014. The CF coverage was around 84 acres (33 ha) with 13 CFMG households. At the end of the first planning period, the CF management was retained and the CFMP revised for the next 10 years. The revised plan period was completed in 2017 with the addition of almost 124 acres (50 ha) resulting in a total 208 acres (83 ha). The CFMG members increased from 13 to 15 households. The CFMG carries out the activities highlighted in the CFMP.
The main objectives of the approach are sustainable utilization and management of forest resources, protection of water sources, and income generation through the sale of sustainable forest products to reduce poverty.
Apart from the CFMG members, the stakeholders involved in the approach are the territorial division office, Gewog Forestry Extension Officer (GFEO), and CFMG members. The territorial division office's roles include training CFMG on a need's basis; providing technical inputs while implementing the CFMP; monitoring and providing feedback on CFMP implementation; providing market information and supporting marketing; providing support for amendment and revision of CFMP; verifying CFMG’s records annually; translating CFMP to a Dzongkha version; coordinating study tours; and disseminating or advertising information related to CF or CFMG.
What the CFMG members like about this approach is that it protects water sources, provides access to forest resources such as timber, fuel wood, and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) such as fodder, fencing/flag poles, and leaf litter. The approach also helps to resolve conflicts regarding access to forest resources, conserves the local forest, reduces erosion and landslides, and thus aids in habitat protection and biodiversity conservation.
In terms of the community, the approach also helps provide loans to members from the CF fund lending scheme with minimal interest. The other advantages of this approach include diversifying income sources by reducing dependency on a single source of income like livestock farming or crop production, strengthening social cohesion by empowering local communities to manage their resources collectively, facilitating collaboration among different stakeholders, sustainably utilizing and managing forest resources, and improving living standards and reducing poverty in rural communities.

2.3 صور عن النهج

معرض الوسائط

2.4 فيديوهات عن النهج

تعليقات، وصف موجز:

Zhasela CF (a) https://youtu.be/frmoSnC_lJM
Zhasela CF (b) https://youtu.be/qeowNShMyeQ

التاريخ:

23/07/2023

الموقع:

Bragong village, Jalang chiwog, Minjey gewog, Lhuentse Dzongkhag

اسم مصور الفيديو:

Tshering Yangzom

2.5 البلد/المنطقة/المواقع التي تم تطبيق النهج فيها

البلد:

بوتان

المنطقة/الولاية/المحافظة:

Bragong village, Jalang chiwog, Minjey gewog, Lhuentse Dzongkhag

معاينة الخريطة

2.6 تواريخ بدء وإنهاء تنفيذ النهج

أشر إلى سنة البدء:

2004

التعليقات:

The first plan period of Zhasela CF management was completed between 2004 and 2014. The revision of the first plan period was finished in 2017 with the addition of 123.55 acres to the CF.

2.7 نوع النهج

  • مبادرة محلية حديثة/مبتكرة

2.8 الغايات/الأهداف الرئيسية للنهج

The main objectives of the approach are sustainable utilization and management of forest resources, protection of water sources, and income generation through the sale of excess forest products to reduce poverty.

2.9 الظروف التي تمكن أو تعيق تنفيذ التقنية/التقنيات المطبقة بموجب النهج

توفر/الوصول إلى الموارد والخدمات المالية
  • تمكين/تمكيني

The CFMG has a ‘CF fund lending scheme’ where the money generated from selling CF resources such as surplus timber and wood products is lent to CFMG members at a minimal interest. Sometimes interest-free loans are provided to bereaved families and families bearing medical expenses due to sickness. The scheme provides relatively easy and cheap local access to cash for group members. During the first plan period of Zhasela CF management, CFMG generated more than Nu 320,000 from the sale of surplus timber and finished products. Nu 299, 600 was divided among the group members and each member received Nu 23,000.

الإطار المؤسساتي
  • تمكين/تمكيني

The CFMG has helped the members improve their livelihoods and reduce poverty. The CFMG generate income through the sale of forest resources to contractors, government agencies, and private individuals.

التعاون/التنسيق بين الجهات الفاعلة
  • تمكين/تمكيني

There is labour-sharing in the group for activities such as the plantation of seedlings, fire line creations, and overall forest management thereby easing workload in the group and improving collaboration and coordination. The CFMG members also help each other out in times of need. For example, Mr. Tshering Dorji's house was damaged by an earthquake in September 2009. In spring 2010, the CFMG allotted four drashing (trees of at least 50 cm diameter at breast height) from the CF free of cost to him for the reconstruction of his house.

المعرفة حول الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي، والوصول إلى الدعم الفني
  • تمكين/تمكيني

Members realize the importance of the CF. They realize that the forest helps protect water sources, avoid erosions and land slides through land coverage, and increase wood production.

الأسواق (لشراء المدخلات وبيع المنتجات) والأسعار
  • تمكين/تمكيني

There is a good market for the sale of surplus timber from the CF. Timber is sold in the form of logs, planks, and finished products like altar. The CFMG has been able to earn a substantial amount from the sale of timber to contractors, government agencies, and private individuals.

عبء العمل، توفر القوى العاملة
  • تمكين/تمكيني

There is labour-sharing in the group thereby easing workload in the group.

3. المشاركة وأدوار الأطراف المعنية

3.1 أصحاب المصلحة المعنيون بالنهج وأدوارهم

  • مستخدمو الأراضي المحليون/المجتمعات المحلية

15 CFMG members from 15 households.

The CFMG members carry out the activities highlighted in the CFMP.

  • متخصصون في الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي / مستشارون زراعيون

GFEO

The GFEO monitors the activities implemented by the CFMG and provides necessary assistance in any field that the CF members require.

  • الحكومة الوطنية (المخططون، صانعو القرار)

Territorial division office

The territorial division office's roles include training CFMG on a need base, providing technical inputs while implementing the Community Forest Management Plan (CFMP), monitoring and providing feedback on CFMP implementation, providing market information and supporting marketing, providing support for amendment and revision of CFMP, verifying CFMG’s records annually, translating CFMP to Dzongkha version, coordinating study tours, and disseminating or advertising information related to CF or CFMG.

3.2 انخراط مستخدمي الأراضي المحليين/المجتمعات المحلية في المراحل المختلفة للنهج
انخراط مستخدمي الأراضي المحليين/المجتمعات المحلية حدد من شارك وصف الأنشطة
المبادرة/التحفيز تفاعلي The people of Bragong village had observed a gradual depletion of forest resources near their village. Forest resources such as timber, firewood, fencing/flag poles, fodder, and other forest products had become scarce. So, the community came forward with the proposal to establish a CF. Furthermore, the GFEO had been emphasizing CF's importance to the villagers multiple times. This eventually led to the formation of the CF.
التخطيط تفاعلي Forest territorial division office, GFEO, and CFMG members were involved. Through multiple discussions, they came up with the CFMP.
التنفيذ تفاعلي The territorial division office, GFEO, and CFMG were involved. They formulated and finalized the CFMP. The CFMG members then carried out the activities highlighted in the CFMP under the guidance of GFEO and territorial division office.
الرصد/التقييم تفاعلي The GFEO and CFMG members are involved. The monitoring of CF activities is done by all CF members. The necessary records are maintained by the nominated executive committee members (chairperson, secretary, treasurer) of CFMG. The executive members are mandated to submit annual progress reports to the GFEO. The GFEO monitor the activities implemented by CFMG.

3.3 مخطط التدفق (إذا كان متاحًا)

3.4 اتخاذ القرار بشأن اختيار تقنية/تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

هل تم اتخاذ قرارات بشأن اختيار التقنية(التقنيات)؟:
  • Land users (CFMG members) and GFEO
اشرح:

The people of Bragong village had observed a gradual depletion of forest resources near their village. Forest resources such as timber, firewood, fencing/flag poles, fodder, and other forest products had become scarce. So, the community came forward with the proposal to establish a CF. Furthermore, the GFEO had been emphasizing CF's importance to the villagers multiple times. This eventually led to the formation of the CF.

حدد على أي أساس تم اتخاذ القرارات:
  • خبرة وآراء شخصية(غير موثقة)
  • The people of Bragong village had observed a gradual depletion of forest resources near their village. Forest resources such as timber, firewood, fencing/flag poles, fodder, and other forest products had become scarce. So, the community came forward with the proposal to establish a CF. Furthermore, the GFEO had been emphasizing CF's importance to the villagers multiple times. This eventually led to the formation of the CF.

4. الدعم الفني وبناء القدرات وإدارة المعرفة

4.1 بناء القدرات/التدريب

هل تم تقديم التدريب لمستخدمي الأراضي / الأطراف المعنيين الآخرين؟:

نعم

حدد من تم تدريبه:
  • مستخدمو الأراضي
إذا كان ذلك على صلة، حدد الجنس والعمر والوضع والعرق وما إلى ذلك.

Both men and women.

شكل التدريب:
  • من مزارع إلى مزارع
  • مناطق العرض
  • دورات
المواضيع المغطاة:

Accounting and record keeping
Forest management
Nursey management
Leadership skills
Power chain operation

4.2 خدمة استشارية

هل يملك مستخدمو الأراضي وصولا إلى خدمة استشارية؟:

نعم

حدد ما إذا كانت الخدمة الاستشارية متوفرة:
  • في حقول مستخدمي الأراضي
  • في مراكز دائمة
وصف/تعليقات:

Land users have access to advisory services from the GFEO. The GFEO provides necessary assistance in any field that the CF members require and also advises the CFMG on the implementation of CFMP, the latest policies and amendments of the rule.

4.3 تعزيز المؤسسات (التطوير التنظيمي)

هل تم إنشاء أو تعزيز مؤسسات من خلال هذا النهج؟:
  • نعم، إلى حد كبير
حدد المستوى (المستويات) التي تم فيها تعزيز أو إنشاء المؤسسات:
  • محلي
صف المؤسسة والأدوار والمسؤوليات والأعضاء وما إلى ذلك.

Land users have benefitted a lot from the CF, the water sources are protected, erosions and landslides are prevented, and there is sustainable utilization and management of forest resources. Also, land users are able to generate income through the sale of surplus forest products especially timber. During the first plan period of Zhasela CF management, CFMG generated more than Nu 320,000 from the sale of surplus timber and finished products. Nu 299, 600 was divided among the group members and each member received Nu 23,000.

حدد نوع الدعم:
  • مالي
  • بناء القدرات/التدريب

4.4 الرصد والتقييم

هل يشكل الرصد والتقييم جزءا من النهج؟:

نعم

التعليقات:

The Chief Forestry Officer, Gewog Ranger, and land users are involved in monitoring and evaluation. The monitoring of CF activities is done by all CF members (land users). The necessary records are maintained by the nominated executive committee members (chairperson, secretary, treasurer) of CFMG. The executive members are mandated to submit annual progress reports to Gewog Ranger. The Chief Forestry Officer and Gewog Ranger monitor the activities implemented by CFMG.

إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم، فهل من المقصود استخدام هذه الوثائق للمراقبة والتقييم؟:

كلا

4.5 البحوث

هل كانت البحوث جزءًا من النهج؟:

كلا

5. التمويل والدعم المادي الخارجي

5.1 الميزانية السنوية لمكون الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي في النهج المذكور

إذا لم تكن الميزانية السنوية الدقيقة معروفة، قم بالإشارة إلى نطاقها:
  • < 2000
التعليقات (على سبيل المثال المصادر الرئيسية للتمويل/الجهات المانحة الرئيسية):

There is no set annual budget for the SLM component of the approach but wherever necessary the land users use the CFMG fund and sometimes get financial and material support from the government.

5.2 الدعم المالي/المادي المقدم لمستخدمي الأراضي

هل حصل مستخدمو الأراضي على دعم مالي/ مادي لتنفيذ التقنية/ التقنيات؟:

نعم

إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم، حدد نوع (أنواع) الدعم والشروط والمزودين:

The CFMG received Nu.100,000 to carry out some of the activities reflected in the CFMP, four rolls of barbed wire, and some tree seedlings.

5.3 إعانات لمدخلات محددة (بما في ذلك العمالة)

  • غير ذلك
غير ذلك(حدد) إلى أي مدى حدد الإعانات
The CFMG received Nu.100,000 from the government to carry out some of the activities reflected in the CFMP, four rolls of barbed wire, and some tree seedlings. ممول بالكامل
إذا كان العمل من قبل مستخدمي الأراضي مدخلاً جوهريًا، فهل كان:
  • تطوعي

5.4 الائتمان

هل تم توفير ائتمان في إطار نهج أنشطة الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟:

كلا

5.5 حوافز أو وسائل أخرى

هل تم استخدام حوافز أو أدوات أخرى لتشجيع تنفيذ تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟:

كلا

6. تحليل الأثر والتصريحات الختامية

6.1 آثار النهج

هل ساهم النهج في تمكين مستخدمي الأراضي المحليين وتحسين مشاركة الأطراف المعنية؟:
  • لا
  • نعم، قليلا
  • نعم، باعتدال
  • نعم، إلى حد كبير

CF management has improved participation among the member households. The CFMG members work together and carry out the activities highlighted in the CFMP. There is labour-sharing in the group for activities such as the plantation of seedlings, fire line creations, and overall forest management thereby easing workload in the group and improving collaboration and coordination. The CF has helped empower local communities to manage their resources collectively. The CFMG members also help each other out in times of need. For example, Mr. Tshering Dorji's house was damaged by an earthquake in September 2009. In spring 2010, the CFMG allotted four drashing (trees of at least 50 cm diameter at breast height) from the CF free of cost to him for the reconstruction of his house. CFMG has improved stakeholder participation between members and the government. Both land users and government officials like GFEO have benefitted through the CF. As for the members, due to CF, they have access to forest resources such as timber, fuel wood, fencing/flag poles, NWFPs, and free grazing. Their water sources are also protected and risks of erosions and landslides have been minimized. All of these motivate them to manage the forest. As for the GFEO, the forest is sustainably being managed by the members guided by CFMP thereby making their work easier. The members and the GFEO are working together with the officials giving technical advice and conducting periodic monitoring and the members carrying out various sustainable forest management field work. The CF has facilitated collaboration between different stakeholders.

هل مكّن النهج من اتخاذ القرارات المبنية على الأدلة؟:
  • لا
  • نعم، قليلا
  • نعم، باعتدال
  • نعم، إلى حد كبير

During the first plan period of Zhasela CF management, CFMG utilized 147 drashing (trees of at least 50 cm dbh which is used for sawn timber), 20 numbers of cham (trees of 30-50 cm dbh which are used for beams), 3 numbers of tsim (trees of 20-30 cm dbh which are used for large poles), and 4 numbers of dangchung (trees of 10-20 cm dbh which are used for small poles). The group also generated income through the sale of surplus timber and finished products (altars). The group generated more than Nu 320,000 from the sale of surplus timber and finished products. Nu 299, 600 was divided among the group members and each member received Nu 23,000. Some of the activities carried out in the first plan period were 2 acres of barren land were planted and maintained, a tree nursery was established, and approximately 5 acres of unwanted bushes were cleared for enhancement of regeneration and growth of retained trees. The water sources were protected and risks of erosions and landslides were minimized. The members got access to many forest resources. The members reaped a lot of benefits from the CF and this made them revise and continue CFMP for another 10 years (2017-2027). All the positive aspects of the CF enable evidence-based decision-making.

هل ساعد النهج مستخدمي الأراضي على تنفيذ وصيانة تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟:
  • لا
  • نعم، قليلا
  • نعم، باعتدال
  • نعم، إلى حد كبير

The management of CF by the CFMG has helped land users protect water sources, minimize erosion and landslides, and sustainably use forest resources.

هل أدى النهج إلى تحسين معرفة وقدرات مستخدمي الأراضي على تنفيذ الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟:
  • لا
  • نعم، قليلا
  • نعم، باعتدال
  • نعم، إلى حد كبير

CF has helped land users protect water sources and sustainably use forest resources.

CF management has improved participation among the member households. The CFMG members work together and carry out the activities highlighted in the CFMP. There is labour-sharing in the group for activities such as the plantation of seedlings, fire line creations, and overall forest management thereby easing workload in the group and improving collaboration and coordination. The CF has helped empower local communities to manage their resources collectively. The CFMG members also help each other out in times of need. For example, Mr. Tshering Dorji's house was damaged by an earthquake in September 2009. In spring 2010, the CFMG allotted four drashing (trees of at least 50 cm diameter at breast height) from the CF free of cost to him for the reconstruction of his house. CFMG has improved stakeholder participation between members and the government. Both land users and government officials like GFEO have benefitted through the CF. As for the members, due to CF, they have access to forest resources such as timber, fuel wood, fencing/flag poles, NWFPs, and free grazing. Their water sources are also protected and risks of erosions and landslides have been minimized. All of these motivate them to manage the forest. As for the GFEO, the forest is sustainably being managed by the members guided by CFMP thereby making their work easier. The members and the GFEO are working together with the officials giving technical advice and conducting periodic monitoring and the members carrying out various sustainable forest management field work. The CF has facilitated collaboration between different stakeholders.

CF has resolved conflicts regarding access to forest resources.

هل ساهم النهج في تمكين الفئات المحرومة اجتماعيا واقتصاديا؟:
  • لا
  • نعم، قليلا
  • نعم، باعتدال
  • نعم، إلى حد كبير

The CF has helped land users have access to forest resources such as timber, fuel wood, fencing/flag poles, and NWFPs and provided an opportunity to generate income.

هل أدى النهج إلى تحسين المساواة بين الجنسين وتمكين النساء والفتيات؟:
  • لا
  • نعم، قليلا
  • نعم، باعتدال
  • نعم، إلى حد كبير

CFMG comprises both male and female land users. There is no gender discrimination.

هل أدى النهج إلى تحسن في مسائل حيازة الأراضي / حقوق المستخدمين التي أعاقت تنفيذ تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟:
  • لا
  • نعم، قليلا
  • نعم، باعتدال
  • نعم، إلى حد كبير

CF has resolved conflicts regarding access to forest resources.

هل أدى هذا النهج إلى تحسين الأمن الغذائي / تحسين التغذية؟:
  • لا
  • نعم، قليلا
  • نعم، باعتدال
  • نعم، إلى حد كبير

The CF has helped land users have access to forest resources such as timber, fuel wood, fencing/flag poles, and NWFPs and provided an opportunity to generate income. Also, CFMG provides loans to its members.

هل أدى النهج إلى تحسين الوصول إلى المياه والصرف الصحي؟:
  • لا
  • نعم، قليلا
  • نعم، باعتدال
  • نعم، إلى حد كبير

The CF has helped protect the water sources.

هل أدى النهج إلى توفير فرص عمل ودخل؟:
  • لا
  • نعم، قليلا
  • نعم، باعتدال
  • نعم، إلى حد كبير

The land users generate income by selling forest products as they have access to forest resources.

6.2 المحفز الرئيسي لقيام مستخدمي الأراضي بتنفيذ الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

  • الحد من تدهور الأراضي

Two acres of barren land were planted and maintained, a tree nursery was established, and approximately 5 acres of unwanted bushes were cleared for enhancement of regeneration and growth of retained trees.

  • الوعي البيئي

CF aids in protecting habitats and conserving biodiversity. Extensive exploitation of forest resources would result in soil erosion, landslides, deforestation, disruption of water cycles, and loss of ecosystem services.

  • التخفيف من حدة الصراع

Resolve conflicts regarding access to forest resources.

6.3 استدامة أنشطة النهج

هل يمكن لمستخدمي الأراضي المحافظة على استدامة ما تم تنفيذه من خلال النهج (بدون دعم خارجي)؟:
  • نعم
إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم، صف كيف:

Sustainable use of resources in CF ensures regeneration and replenishment of harvested resources.

6.4 نقاط قوة/مزايا النهج

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي
Protection of water sources.
Access to forest resources such as timber, fuel wood, fencing/flag poles, fodder, leaf litter, and NWFPs.
Conflict mitigation due to clarity on access to forest resources.
Access to loans from the CF fund lending scheme with minimal interest.
Conservation of local forest.
Reduce erosion and landslides in the area.
Habitat protection and biodiversity conservation.
نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات
Diversify income sources by reducing dependency on a single source of income like livestock farming or crop production.
Improve living standards and reduce poverty in rural communities.
Sustainable utilization and management of forest resources.
Strengthen social cohesion by empowering local communities to manage their resources collectively.
Facilitate collaboration among different stakeholders.

6.5 نقاط الضعف/ العيوب في المنهج وطرق التغلب عليها

نقاط الضعف/ المساوىء/ المخاطر من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات كيف يمكن التغلب عليها؟
Farmers are not able to sell NWFPs due to a lack of markets in the vicinity. Since one of the roles and responsibilities of the territorial division office is to provide market information and support marketing (as highlighted in CFMP), it should come up with ways to link land users and markets in Lhuentse.

7. المراجع والروابط

7.1 طرق جمع/مصادر المعلومات

  • زيارات ميدانية، مسوحات ميدانية

Five land users

  • مقابلات مع مستخدمي الأراضي

Five land users

  • التجميع من التقارير والوثائق الأخرى الموجودة

Referred Zhasela CFMP booklet.

7.2 المراجع للمنشورات المتاحة

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

Phuntsho, S., Schmidt, K., Kuyakanon, R., & Temphel, K. J. (n.d.). Community Forestry in Bhutan: Putting People at the Heart of Poverty Reduction.

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

http://uwice.gov.bt/admin_uwice/publications/publication_files/Reports/2011/UWICER-CFIB.pdf#page=27

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

Wangchuk, S. (2014). Equity in Community Forestry Management: A Case of Lhuentse and Mongar Dzongkhags, Eastern Bhutan. Journal of the Bhutan Ecological Society, 48–59.

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sonam-Wangchuk-5/publication/313663481_Equity_in_Community_Forestry_Management_A_Case_of_Lhuentse_and_Mongar_Dzongkhags_Eastern_Bhutan/links/58a2047f45851598babae778/Equity-in-Community-Forestry-Management-A-Case-of-Lhuentse-and-Mongar-Dzongkhags-Eastern-Bhutan.pdf

7.3 روابط للمعلومات ذات الصلة المتوفرة على الإنترنت

العنوان/الوصف:

Phuntsho, S., Schmidt, K., Kuyakanon, R., & Temphel, K. J. (n.d.). Community Forestry in Bhutan: Putting People at the Heart of Poverty Reduction.

عنوان الرابط URL:

http://uwice.gov.bt/admin_uwice/publications/publication_files/Reports/2011/UWICER-CFIB.pdf#page=27

الروابط والوحدات المواضيعية

توسيع الكل طي الكل

الوحدات المواضيعية