1.2 تفاصيل الاتصال بالأشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات والمؤسسات المعنية بتقييم وتوثيق النهج

اسم المؤسسة (المؤسسات) التي سهلت توثيق/تقييم النهج (إذا كان ذلك على صلة)

Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR) (Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR)) - الهند

1.3 الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT

متى تم تجميع البيانات (ميدانيا)؟:

22/04/2023

يوافق جامع المعلومات والشخص (لاشخاص) الرئيسي لمصدر المعلومات على الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT:

نعم

2.1 وصف موجز للنهج

The group micro-irrigation (GMI) approach encourages farmers to share water more sustainably by facilitating cooperative management of irrigation resources. The aim is to improve water security and agricultural productivity by promoting climate-resilient agricultural practices and addressing the behavioural factors that influence water resource sharing.

2.2 وصف تفصيلي للنهج

وصف تفصيلي للنهج:

The group micro-irrigation (GMI) approach encourages farmers to share water more sustainably by facilitating cooperative management of irrigation resources in semi-arid regions. The aim is to improve water security and agricultural productivity by promoting climate-resilient agricultural (CRA) practices and addressing the behavioural factors that influence water resource sharing. By treating water as a shared community resource rather than private property, GMI promotes equitable distribution and sustainable use of limited water resources among farmers by organizing farmer groups and utilizing shared water management infrastructure.
The GMI approach is divided into four major components: (1) supply-side groundwater management to recharge and conserve water sources, (2) demand-side management via efficient micro-irrigation systems, (3) promotion of CRA practices to improve soil health, and (4) integration of applied research to develop tools that allow farmers to assess and improve their agricultural practices. These components aim to optimize water use, reduce crop production costs, and encourage farmer collaboration for shared resources and access to advanced agricultural technologies.
The primary objectives of the GMI approach are to improve water productivity, enhance crop yield, and reduce dependency on groundwater for irrigation, especially in regions facing water scarcity. Through group collaboration, the approach also aims to reduce individual investment costs for farmers, facilitate access to subsidies, and increase resilience to climate fluctuations. Additionally, by integrating CRA practices, GMI supports sustainable agricultural practices that contribute to long-term soil health and ecosystem stability.
The GMI approach involves several methods, including:
•Groundwater Management: rainwater harvesting and construction of soil and water conservation structures to replenish groundwater levels.
•Micro-Irrigation Systems: installation of shared drip and sprinkler irrigation systems that optimize water use and are accessible to all group members.
•CRA Practices: seed treatment, crop spacing, intercropping & trap cropping, applying farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, and organic waste compost, and making use of organic inputs, Bio-pest management practices including the use of pheromone traps, light traps, and bio-pesticides.
•Applied Research: use of tools like crop water budgeting, groundwater testing, and field book record-keeping, enabling farmers to make data-driven decisions.
The implementation of GMI involves four stages:
•Planning and Assessment: identifying suitable villages, farmer groups, and available water resources. Farmers with similar irrigation needs are grouped based on geographic proximity and water source access.
•Infrastructure Development: establishing common irrigation systems and water conservation structures, including dug wells, check dams, and pipelines.
•Training and Capacity Building: educating farmers on CRA practices, irrigation management, and using applied research tools for decision-making.
•Monitoring and Evaluation: regular assessment of crop and water productivity, adjustment of practices based on field data, and continuous training to ensure sustainability.
The GMI approach involves a range of stakeholders:
•Farmers: key participants who manage day-to-day operations, share resources, and implement CRA practices.
•Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR): the primary implementing organization, providing technical support, training, and ongoing assessment.
•Local Government: supports funding for infrastructure, provides access to subsidies, and helps promote CRA practices.
•Agricultural Experts and Researchers: developing tools for applied research and supporting data analysis to improve productivity and water efficiency.
Farmers value the GMI approach for a variety of reasons, including lower individual investment, access to reliable water resources, and increased crop productivity. The cooperative aspect has strengthened community bonds and ensured equal access to resources. However, some farmers were initially hesitant to share water resources and bear the upfront costs of micro-irrigation systems. These concerns faded as the benefits of increased productivity and resource efficiency became clear.

2.3 صور عن النهج

2.5 البلد/المنطقة/المواقع التي تم تطبيق النهج فيها

2.6 تواريخ بدء وإنهاء تنفيذ النهج

2.7 نوع النهج

• قائم على مشروع/برنامج

2.8 الغايات/الأهداف الرئيسية للنهج

The primary goal of the GMI approach is to boost agricultural productivity by ensuring consistent irrigation access, particularly in water-scarce areas. It focuses on improving water use through shared micro-irrigation systems, ensuring efficient and equitable resource distribution among farmers. Furthermore, the approach encourages climate-resilient practices that improve soil health and crop resilience, allowing farmers to adapt to climate variability. By encouraging collaboration within farming communities, GMI creates a cooperative framework for sharing resources and lowering individual costs. Finally, it seeks to improve rural sustainability by reducing production costs, increasing income stability, and promoting food security.

2.9 الظروف التي تمكن أو تعيق تنفيذ التقنية/التقنيات المطبقة بموجب النهج

3.1 أصحاب المصلحة المعنيون بالنهج وأدوارهم

3.2 انخراط مستخدمي الأراضي المحليين/المجتمعات المحلية في المراحل المختلفة للنهج

	انخراط مستخدمي الأراضي المحليين/المجتمعات المحلية	حدد من شارك وصف الأنشطة
المبادرة/التحفيز	تفاعلي	Local farmers were actively engaged during the initiation phase, participating in discussions facilitated by the Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR) to understand the benefits of the GMI model. They expressed their interest in sustainable water management practices
التخطيط	تفاعلي	Farmers contributed to planning sessions where they identified their needs and preferences for irrigation practices. They collaborated with WOTR to outline the logistics of water sharing and resource management
التنفيذ	تفاعلي	Local farmers played a crucial role in implementing the GMI model by assisting in the installation of irrigation infrastructure, such as drip systems and automation technologies. They also participated in de-silting the selected well to enhance its capacity for water storage
الرصد/التقييم	تفاعلي	Farmers were involved in monitoring the effectiveness of the irrigation system and evaluating its impact on crop yields. They provided feedback on water usage, crop performance, and any challenges faced, allowing for adjustments to be made collaboratively with WOTR.
research	تفاعلي	Farmers participated in research activities aimed at better understanding their mental models of water sharing. They collaborated with researchers to provide insights into their experiences, beliefs, and attitudes towards cooperative water management practices under the GMI model.

3.3 مخطط التدفق (إذا كان متاحًا)

3.4 اتخاذ القرار بشأن اختيار تقنية/تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

حدد من الذي قرر اختيار التقنية/التقنيات التي سيتم تنفيذها:

• جميع الجهات الفاعلة ذات الصلة، كجزء من نهج تشاركي

حدد على أي أساس تم اتخاذ القرارات:

• تقييم المعرفة الموثقة جيدًا بشأن الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي(اتخاذ القرارات القائمة على الأدلة)
• نتائج البحوث
• خبرة وآراء شخصية(غير موثقة)

4.1 بناء القدرات/التدريب

هل تم تقديم التدريب لمستخدمي الأراضي / الأطراف المعنيين الآخرين؟:

نعم

حدد من تم تدريبه:

• مستخدمو الأراضي
• موظفون ميدانيون/ مستشارون

إذا كان ذلك على صلة، حدد الجنس والعمر والوضع والعرق وما إلى ذلك.

The training primarily involved local farmers from Tigalkheda, including small, medium, and large landholders. Participants were predominantly male, but women also participated in some training sessions. The age range varied from young adults to older farmers

شكل التدريب:

• في العمل
• من مزارع إلى مزارع
• مناطق العرض
• اجتماعات عامة

المواضيع المغطاة:

Water management practices, micro-irrigation systems installation, maintenance of drip irrigation, fertigation technologies, sustainable agricultural practices, climate-resilient farming techniques, cooperative management, collective decision-making and resource sharing among farmers.

4.2 خدمة استشارية

هل يملك مستخدمو الأراضي وصولا إلى خدمة استشارية؟:

نعم

حدد ما إذا كانت الخدمة الاستشارية متوفرة:

• في حقول مستخدمي الأراضي
• في مراكز دائمة

4.3 تعزيز المؤسسات (التطوير التنظيمي)

هل تم إنشاء أو تعزيز مؤسسات من خلال هذا النهج؟:

• نعم، إلى حد كبير

حدد المستوى (المستويات) التي تم فيها تعزيز أو إنشاء المؤسسات:

• محلي
• إقليمي

حدد نوع الدعم:

• مالي
• بناء القدرات/التدريب
• معدات

4.4 الرصد والتقييم

هل يشكل الرصد والتقييم جزءا من النهج؟:

نعم

التعليقات:

Monitoring and evaluation are integral components of the GMI approach, for the assessment of its effectiveness in promoting sustainable water-sharing practices and improving agricultural productivity among local farmers.

إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم، فهل من المقصود استخدام هذه الوثائق للمراقبة والتقييم؟:

نعم

التعليقات:

The documentation serves as a valuable resource for monitoring and evaluating the implementation and impact of the GMI model, providing insights into farmer behaviors, water management practices, and overall project outcomes

4.5 البحوث

هل كانت البحوث جزءًا من النهج؟:

نعم

حدد المواضيع:

• علم الاجتماع
• الاقتصاد / التسويق
• علم الايكولوجيا
• تكنولوجيا

• Agriculture

أعط تفاصيل إضافية وأشر إلى من قام بالبحوث:

Research was conducted by Miss. Upasana Koli, Dr. Arun Bhagat, and Dr. Marcella D’Souza from the Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR). The focus of the research included understanding the mental models that promote water sharing for agriculture through the GMI approach. It examined behavioural aspects related to water resource management, cooperative practices among farmers, and the socio-economic impacts of adopting sustainable irrigation technologies. The findings aim to inform policymakers and practitioners about effective water-sharing policies and sustainable agricultural interventions.
Arun Bhagat: Contributed to the conceptualization, methodology design, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, original draft writing, and reviewing and editing of the manuscript.
Upasana Koli: Contributed to the conceptualization, methodology design, investigation, and data curation for the study.
Marcella D'Souza: Provided supervision and contributed to conceptualizing the research project.

5.1 الميزانية السنوية لمكون الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي في النهج المذكور

إذا لم تكن الميزانية السنوية الدقيقة معروفة، قم بالإشارة إلى نطاقها:

• ‏ 10,0000-2,000

التعليقات (على سبيل المثال المصادر الرئيسية للتمويل/الجهات المانحة الرئيسية):

The annual budget varies between 2000-10000 US$. GIZ acts as a core funder, primarily supporting project design, monitoring, and capacity-building activities. However, co-funding comes from various sources:
1.State Government: Provides subsidies for micro-irrigation systems and infrastructure, such as those under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY).
2.WOTR: Contributes technical expertise, facilitates training, and monitors implementation, often covering operational costs.
3.Farmers: Contribute funds for system maintenance and may also pool resources for initial installations.
Regarding training, WOTR plays a pivotal role, offering on-field demonstrations and workshops on water management, climate-resilient agriculture, and system maintenance. Farmers benefit from continuous knowledge sharing and capacity-building initiatives.
•Tigalkheda is a semi-arid village in Maharashtra's Bhokardan block, spanning approximately 32.34 acres, as mentioned in the documentation.
•The GMI approach involves 14 farmers, all managing plots within this shared irrigation system.
•Further, within a single village several GMI models can be created based on the farmer groups.

5.2 الدعم المالي/المادي المقدم لمستخدمي الأراضي

هل حصل مستخدمو الأراضي على دعم مالي/ مادي لتنفيذ التقنية/ التقنيات؟:

نعم

إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم، حدد نوع (أنواع) الدعم والشروط والمزودين:

Support: Farmers received subsidies for the installation of micro-irrigation systems and installation of the pumping system and pipe distribution network.
Condition: The farmer should be a member of the GMI group and ready to contribute financially to maintaining the GMI model.
Providers: Government Bodies: Local and national government (Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY); Partial funding from GIZ; Knowledge & implementation support by WOTR.

5.3 إعانات لمدخلات محددة (بما في ذلك العمالة)

• عمالة

• معدات

• زراعة

• بناء

إذا كان العمل من قبل مستخدمي الأراضي مدخلاً جوهريًا، فهل كان:

• تطوعي

5.4 الائتمان

هل تم توفير ائتمان في إطار نهج أنشطة الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟:

نعم

حدد الشروط (معدل الفائدة، فترة السداد، الخ.):

Interest rate: 8.3 to 10.1%, payback period: NA

حدد مقدمي الائتمان:

Banks, Private lenders,

حدد متلقي الائتمان:

Farmers

5.5 حوافز أو وسائل أخرى

هل تم استخدام حوافز أو أدوات أخرى لتشجيع تنفيذ تقنيات الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي؟:

نعم

إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم، حدد:

Supporting Policies: Government policies such as the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) provide financial assistance for micro-irrigation technologies

6.1 آثار النهج

6.2 المحفز الرئيسي لقيام مستخدمي الأراضي بتنفيذ الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

6.3 استدامة أنشطة النهج

هل يمكن لمستخدمي الأراضي المحافظة على استدامة ما تم تنفيذه من خلال النهج (بدون دعم خارجي)؟:

• نعم

إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم، صف كيف:

Farmers in Tigalkheda have developed a strong sense of ownership over the GMI approach. They have gained valuable knowledge and skills through training sessions provided by WOTR, enabling them to manage irrigation systems effectively. The cooperative structure established among local farmers facilitates resource sharing and collective decision-making, ensuring that they can maintain the technologies implemented. Additionally, the financial support received through subsidies has alleviated initial investment burdens, allowing farmers to sustain operations independently over time. This sustainability is further supported by the ongoing commitment of farmers to engage in sustainable agricultural practices, as they recognize the long-term benefits of improved water management and crop productivity for their livelihoods and the environment.

6.4 نقاط قوة/مزايا النهج

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي
1) Improved Water Management Farmers appreciate the effective management of water resources through the GMI which allows for better distribution and utilization of water, leading to enhanced crop yields.
2) Increased Crop Productivity The implementation of micro-irrigation technologies has resulted in higher agricultural output, which is crucial for the livelihoods of local farmers.
3) Community Collaboration The approach promotes cooperation and shared responsibility in managing irrigation resources.
4) Access to Financial Support Availability of subsidies and financial assistance has made it easier for farmers to adopt new technologies, reducing the economic burden of transitioning to sustainable practices.

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات
1) Sustainability of Practices The GMI approach emphasizes sustainable agricultural practices that enhance long-term resilience against climate variability and water scarcity.
2) Capacity Building Training programs have significantly improved the skills and knowledge of farmers, enabling them to implement and maintain sustainable land management technologies effectively.
3) Access to Market Information Farmers were connected with the Farmer Producing Organisation (FPO) for accessing timely market information.
4) Reduction in Conflicts Over Water Resources By establishing clear water-sharing agreements among users, the GMI model has reduced competition and conflicts over water resources in the community

6.5 نقاط الضعف/ العيوب في المنهج وطرق التغلب عليها

نقاط الضعف/ المساوىء/ المخاطر من وجهة نظر مستخدم الأراضي	كيف يمكن التغلب عليها؟
1) Initial Costs of Technology Implementation While subsidies help, some farmers still find the initial costs of installing micro-irrigation systems prohibitive	Increased awareness about available financial assistance and community pooling of resources could help mitigate these costs.
2)Maintenance Challenges Some farmers lack the technical skills needed for ongoing maintenance of irrigation systems.	Regular training sessions focused on maintenance skills can empower farmers to manage their systems effectively.
3) Dependence on Weather Conditions The success of irrigation practices is still heavily reliant on overall weather patterns, which can be unpredictable.	Implementing rainwater harvesting techniques alongside micro-irrigation could provide additional water security during dry spells.

نقاط الضعف/ المساوىء/ المخاطر من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات	كيف يمكن التغلب عليها؟
1) Scalability Issues The GMI model may face challenges in scaling up due to varying local conditions across different regions.	Tailoring approaches to specific local contexts while maintaining core principles could enhance scalability.
2) Sustainability of Financial Support There is uncertainty regarding the long-term availability of subsidies and financial support from government programs.	Advocating for policy changes that ensure sustained funding for sustainable agriculture initiatives could address this issue.
3) Cultural Resistance to Change Some farmers may resist adopting new technologies due to traditional practices.	Engaging community leaders and demonstrating successful case studies can help shift perspectives towards embracing innovation.
4) Limited Research on Long-Term Impacts There is a need for more comprehensive research on the long-term impacts of the GMI approach on both agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability.	Collaborating with academic institutions for ongoing research projects can provide valuable insights into effectiveness and areas for improvement

7.1 طرق جمع/مصادر المعلومات

7.2 المراجع للمنشورات المتاحة

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

Book chapter: Understanding the Mental Models that Promote Water Sharing for Agriculture Through Group Micro-Irrigation Models in Maharashtra, India. Authors: Upasana Koli, Arun Bhagat & Marcella D’Souza Year: 2023 Print ISBN978-981-99-2205-5 Online ISBN978-981-99-2206-2

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-2206-2_15

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

Report Bhagat A, and Koli U. (2022). Effectiveness of Group Micro Irrigation Model and Package of Agricultural Practices in Enhancing Climate Resilience in Semi-Arid Region of Maharashtra, Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR), Pune

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

https://wotr-website-publications.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/Effectiveness_GMI_Climate_Resilient_Semi_Arid_Maharashtra.pdf

7.3 روابط للمعلومات ذات الصلة المتوفرة على الإنترنت

العنوان/الوصف:

Climate-resilient strategies for sustainable management of water resources and agriculture

عنوان الرابط URL:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-021-14332-4

العنوان/الوصف:

Economics, adoption determinants, and impacts of micro-irrigation technologies: empirical results from India

عنوان الرابط URL:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00271-007-0065-0