1.2 تفاصيل الاتصال بالأشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات والمؤسسات المشاركة في تقييم وتوثيق التقنية

اسم المؤسسة (المؤسسات) التي سهلت توثيق/تقييم التقنية (إذا كان ذلك على صلة)

Haramaya University (HU) - أثيوبيا

1.3 الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT

متى تم تجميع البيانات (ميدانيا)؟:

30/04/2011

يوافق جامع المعلومات والشخص (لاشخاص) الرئيسي لمصدر المعلومات على الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT:

نعم

2.1 وصف مختصر للتقنية

تعريف التقنية:

Gully rehabilitation and hill stabilization with Jatropha hedges.

2.2 وصف تفصيلي للتقنية

الوصف:

In the area around Bati in Ethiopia, Jatropha is used to stabilize hills ore to rehabilitate gullies. The technology was introduced during the last decade by local farmers on their plots. The advantage of Jatropha against other shrubs is that it is poisonous and therefore not browsed by animals. Additionally the seeds can be collected by household members and sold on the local market. The seed's oil can be used as a lamp oil or even for the production of bio-fuel.

Purpose of the Technology: Besides hedges and living fences, Jatropha is used for combating sheet or gully erosion. To stop erosion processes the Jatropha cuttings are planted across a gully or along hill sides to stabilize them in the same manner as check dams or terraces do. The plant is chosen because of its very tolerant character, rather high accessibility in the area and because it is easy to propagate by cuttings. Often Jatropha is used in combination with traditional stone check dams or terraces aiming for an increased stability of the technology itself. For that purpose Jatropha is planted in front of the stone walls or also on top of them.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: In earlier times Jatropha was planted by seeds but nowadays, since there are a lot of plants in the area, propagation by cuttings is the more prominent form. Since the plants are pruned every year anyway, the cuttings are accessible almost in any case for free. At markets further away, the cuttings cost around one cent per piece. In order to rehabilitate a gully Jatropha cuttings are planted as near as possible in the selected area in a row across the gully. After rooting, the spaces between the plants are filled up with litter, shrubs or stones. In order to have a thick stem and avoid competition with crops, the plants are pruned every year. The thick main stems reach a height of approximately one meter which delineates the maximum height of possible soil collection. If the area behind the filled up gaps and the cuttings has silted up, the height is increased by adding new litter in the higher up gaps. In off farming season, the Jatropha seeds are collected and sold on the market to create additional income.

Natural / human environment: The case study site, Bati, lays in an semiarid climatic zone on 1600 m a.s.l. Rainfalls are erratic and the rain sum per year is between 500-1000 mm. The landscape is very hilly with rather steep slopes. The area has a high population density and growth. The agricultural sector is very dominant and lead by a lot of small scale farming with a lot of livestock and small plots of cropland.

2.3 صور التقنية

2.5 البلد/المنطقة/المواقع التي تم تنفيذ التقنية فيها والتي يغطيها هذا التقييم

2.6 تاريخ التنفيذ

في حالة عدم معرفة السنة بالتحديد، يرجى الإشارة إلى التاريخ التقريبي:

• منذ 10-50 سنة

2.7 إدخال التقنية

حدد كيف تم إدخال التقنية:

• من خلال ابتكار مستخدمي الأراضي

التعليقات (نوع المشروع، الخ):

Farmers are using Jatropha curcas since approximately 30 years in the research area in Bati mostly for fencing. Innovative farmers started using the plant for stabilizing existing physical structures (stone walls, terraces, gully check dams) or using it as a complete substitute for these physical structures.

3.1 الغرض الرئيسي ( الأغراض الرئيسية) للتقنية

• الحد من تدهور الأراضي ومنعه وعكسه
• خلق أثر اقتصادي مفيد

3.2 نوع (أنواع) استخدام الأراضي الحالية حيث يتم تطبيق التقنية

التعليقات:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Deforestation, overgrazing, cultivation of erosion-sensitive areas or steep slopes.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Too much soil loss and land degradation, no vegetation cover and poor soil moisture.

Grazingland comments: Livestock is not fenced in. Children herd the animals and watch out that they do not browse through crop fields. In off-farming season crop residues are collected from the field and stored next to the field. Animals are allowed to eat the still remaining residues on the field. After that, the animals are fed by the collected crop residues.

Livestock is grazing on crop residues

Type of grazing system comments: Livestock is not fenced in. Children herd the animals and watch out that they do not browse through crop fields. In off-farming season crop residues are collected from the field and stored next to the field. Animals are allowed to eat the still remaining residues on the field. After that, the animals are fed by the collected crop residues. Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 مزيد من المعلومات حول استخدام الأراضي

إمدادات المياه للأرض التي يتم تنفيذ التقنية عليها:

• بعلية

التعليقات:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated

عدد مواسم الزراعة في السنة:

• 1

حدد:

Longest growing period in days: 90 Longest growing period from month to month: June until September

كثافة الثروة الحيوانية (إذا كانت ذات صلة):

> 100 LU /km2

3.4 مجموعةالإدارة المستدامة للأراضي التي تنتمي إليها هذه التقنية

• التدابير المتقاطعة للمنحدرات

3.5 انتشار التقنية

التعليقات:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.7 m2.

Size of the case study watershed.

3.6 التدابير التقنية في مجال إلادارة المستدامة للأراضي

التعليقات:

Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 الأنواع الرئيسية من تدهور الأراضي التي تناولتها التقنية

التعليقات:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Deforestation for the past 30 years.), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Wood collection for cooking and construction.), overgrazing (60% of the watershed area are cultivated - big grazing pressure on remaining land), other human induced causes (specify) (Cultivation of very steep slopes.), change of seasonal rainfall (Erratic rainfall.), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (If there is rain, it is intensive.), population pressure (High population pressure.), poverty / wealth (Poor facilities.)

Secondary causes of degradation: soil management (Poor soil management practices and lack of awareness.), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Annual cropping.), droughts (The research area is considered rather dry.), land tenure (If the land is rented, it is poorly managed.), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (Poor access to fertilizer. Bad infrastructures.), education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of awareness for soil degradation.), Low productivity of the land (As a consequence seeking for new/larger areas to increase production.)

3.8 منع أو حد أو عكس تدهور الأراضي

تحديد هدف التقنية فيما يتعلق بتدهور الأراضي:

• الحد من تدهور الأراضي
• اصلاح/إعادة تأهيل الأراضي المتدهورة بشدة

التعليقات:

Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 الرسم الفني للتقنية

4.2 المواصفات الفنية/شروحات الرسم الفني

Jatropha hedges as they can be found in the region of Bati. Often the plant is used for gully rehabilitation. For that purpose it is planted (mostly by cuttings) with a minimal interval between each plant to create a barrier-like hedge. The gaps are filled up with litter or stones.
Approximately 1 m of soil can be collected by the trunk - above that height it is too thin. The Jatropha seed can create additional income besides the purpose of soil and water conservation. Often, the plant is used in combination with traditional technologies (terraces, stone walls) and planted on top or in front of these traditional structures to improve their stability.

Location: South of Bati. Bati Woreda, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Date: 05.05.2011

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Planting takes place rather randomly in places of needs.)

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope length, improvement of ground cover, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, reduction in wind speed, increase of biomass (quantity)

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 10 per m
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): ~1m
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): ~20m
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.1
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.5

Vegetative measure: filling material
Vegetative material: O : other

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: O : other

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: O : other

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: O : other

Trees/ shrubs species: Jatropha curcas

Other species: Stones, shrubs, sticks - things that can be found and utilized to fill up gaps between each plant.

4.3 معلومات عامة بخصوص حساب المدخلات والتكاليف

عملة أخرى/ عملة وطنية (حدد):

Ethiopian Birr

أشر إلى سعر الصرف من الدولار الأمريكي إلى العملة المحلية (إذا كان ذا صلة): 1 دولار أمريكي =:

16,82

4.4 أنشطة التأسيس

	النشاط	نوع التدبير	التوقيت
1.	One time initial sawing of Jatropha seeds (30 years ago).	نباتية	Initial. Wet season.
2.	Cutting of the Jatropha cuttings (12.5 person days needed).	نباتية	dry season
3.	Planting of the Jatropha cuttings (12.5 person days needed).	نباتية	dry season

4.5 التكاليف والمدخلات اللازمة للتأسيس

	تحديد المدخلات	الوحدة	الكمية	التكاليف لكل وحدة	إجمالي التكاليف لكل مدخل	% من التكاليف التي يتحملها مستخدمو الأراضي
العمالة	Seeding	person day	1,0	1,0	1,0	100,0
العمالة	Cutting of the Jatropha cuttings	person day	12,5	1,0	12,5	100,0
العمالة	Planting of the Jatropha cuttings	person day	12,5	1,0	12,5	100,0
معدات	Tools for cutting	500m	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
المواد النباتية	Seeds	kg	1,0	2,0	2,0	100,0
إجمالي تكاليف إنشاء التقنية					33,0

4.6 الصيانة/الأنشطة المتكررة

	النشاط	نوع التدبير	التوقيت/الوتيرة
1.	Collection of Jatropha seeds (5 person days needed).	نباتية	Off farming season(Okt.)
2.	Filling up the gaps with litter (5 person days needed).	نباتية	If necessary
3.	Pruning of the Jatropha hedges (15 person days needed).	نباتية	Yearly before wet season.

4.7 التكاليف والمدخلات اللازمة للصيانة/للأنشطة المتكررة (سنويًا)

	تحديد المدخلات	الوحدة	الكمية	التكاليف لكل وحدة	إجمالي التكاليف لكل مدخل	% من التكاليف التي يتحملها مستخدمو الأراضي
العمالة	Collection of Jatropha seeds	Person days	5,0	1,0	5,0	100,0
العمالة	Filling up the gaps with litter	Person days	5,0	1,0	5,0	100,0
العمالة	Pruning of the Jatropha	person days	15,0	1,0	15,0	100,0
معدات	Tools	Person days	15,0	0,333333333	5,0	100,0
مواد البناء	Wood	500m	1,0			100,0
مواد البناء	Stone	500m	1,0			100,0
إجمالي تكاليف صيانة التقنية					30,0

التعليقات:

Machinery/ tools: saw, axe

Total costs of a hectare are calculated for a hedge of 100 m length every 20 m (500 m total hedge) in the year 2011. Tool prices were estimated and labor costs were calculated with a daily wage of 1$.

4.8 أهم العوامل المؤثرة على التكاليف

قدم وصفا لأهم العوامل التي تؤثر على التكاليف:

Rough topology in the area, questionable availability of construction materials if they are not found nearby.

5.1 المناخ

5.2 طوبوغرافيا

التعليقات والمواصفات الإضافية بشأن التضاريس:

Altitudinal zone: 1501-2000 m a.s.l. (The study site is located at 1600m a.s.l.)
Landforms: Hill slopes (ranked 1) and valley floors (ranked 2)
Slopes on average: Hilly (ranked 1), rolling (ranked 2) and steep (ranked 3)

5.3 التربة

إذا كان متاحًا، قم بإرفاق وصف كامل للتربة أو تحديد المعلومات المتوفرة، على سبيل المثال نوع التربة، الرقم الهيدروجيني/ درجة حموضة التربة، قدرة التبادل الكاتيوني، النيتروجين، الملوحة وما إلى ذلك.

Soil depth on average: Very shallow (ranked 1), shallow (ranked 2)
Soil texture: Coarse/light (ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2)
Soil fertility is low
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 توافر المياه ونوعيتها

تعليقات ومواصفات أخرى بشأن نوعية المياه وكميتها:

Ground water table is unknown.
Availability of surface water: Only during rainy season
Water quality (untreated): Poor drinking water (treatment required, mostly groundwater)

5.5 التنوع البيولوجي

التعليقات والمواصفات الإضافية بشأن التنوع البيولوجي:

Relative to other parts of Ethiopia.

5.6 خصائص مستخدمي الأراضي الذين يطبقون التقنية

اذكر الخصائص الأخرى ذات الصلة لمستخدمي الأراضي:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 100-200 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 6%
1% of the land users are rich (Adopt the most of SWC technologies).
19% of the land users are average wealthy.
89% of the land users are poor.
Off-farm income specification: Off-farm income has low importance.
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (plowing by oxen, ranked 1) and manual work (ranked 2)
Market orientation: Mixed (subsistence and commercial) Goat/sheep are main meat source (in household or on market).

5.7 متوسط مساحة الأرض المملوكة أو المستأجرة من قبل مستخدمي الأراضي الذين يطبقون التقنية

5.8 ملكية الأراضي، وحقوق استخدام الأراضي، وحقوق استخدام المياه

ملكية الارض:

• فردية، يوجد سند ملكية

حقوق استخدام المياه:

• وصول مفتوح (غير منظم)

5.9 الوصول إلى الخدمات والبنية التحتية

6.1 الآثار التي أظهرتها التقنية في الموقع

الآثار الاجتماعية والاقتصادية

الإنتاج

توافر المياه ونوعيتها

الدخل والتكاليف

الآثار الاجتماعية والثقافية

الآثار الايكولوجية

دورة المياه / الجريان السطحي

التربة

التنوع البيولوجي: الغطاء النباتي، الحيوانات

الحد من مخاطر المناخ والكوارث

الآثار الايكولوجية الأخرى

6.2 الآثار التي أظهرتها التقنية خارج الموقع

6.3 تعرض التقنية وحساسيتها لتغير المناخ التدريجي والظواهر المتطرفة/الكوارث المرتبطة بالمناخ (كما يراها مستخدمو الأراضي)

تغير مناخ تدريجي

تغير مناخ تدريجي

	الموسم	نوع التغير المناخي/ المتطرف	كيف تتعامل التقنية مع ذلك؟
درجة الحرارة السنوية		زيادة	جيدا

الظواهر المتطرفة / الكوارث المرتبطة بالمناخ

الكوارث الجوية

	كيف تتعامل التقنية مع ذلك؟
عاصفة ممطرة محلية	جيدا
عاصفة هوائية محلية	جيدا

الكوارث المناخية

	كيف تتعامل التقنية مع ذلك؟
جفاف	جيدا

الكوارث الهيدرولوجية

	كيف تتعامل التقنية مع ذلك؟
فيضان عام (نهر)	غير معروف

العواقب الأخرى المتعلقة بالمناخ

العواقب الأخرى المتعلقة بالمناخ

	كيف تتعامل التقنية مع ذلك؟
انخفاض فترة النمو	جيدا

6.4 تحليل التكلفة والعائد

كيف يمكن مقارنة العوائد نسبة لتكاليف الإنشاء (من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي)؟

كيف تتم مقارنة العوائدمع كلفة الصيانة/التكاليف المتكررة (من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي)؟

التعليقات:

Establishment needs a little time, although not very much. Maintenance work is very little needed and can be done if needed or in off-farming season. Establishment and mainentance costs are none or very little.

6.5 اعتماد التقنية

من بين جميع الذين تبنوا التقنية، كم عدد الذين فعلوا ذلك بشكل تلقائي، أي دون تلقي أي حوافز مادية/مدفوعات؟:

• 100-90‏%

التعليقات:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Local technology spread from farmer to farmer.
Comments on spontaneous adoption: Completely based on farmer's initiative.
There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: A lot of farmer are adopting (or already have adopted) Jatropha curcas as a SWC technology in the region.

6.7 نقاط القوة / المزايا / الفرص التي توفرها التقنية

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي
Soil and water conservation are very important. Also the conservation of soil moisture. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Create farmer's awareness that SWC is very important for a sustainable land management.
In combination, Jatropha curcas can also be used to stabilize traditional stone structuress (terraces, dams). These physical structures are not consideret very stable and need a lot of work to establish and maintain. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further research to improve physical structures, Jatropha curcas structures as well as their combination.
The roots bind the soil and holding it together and help collecting additional soil that otherwise would be washed out. The root and the plant also help to slow down flowing water. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Research on how tolerant is the plant on flooding etc.
Jatropha curcas is also a very good life fence that animals do not browse through because the leaves are poisonous. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Create awareness in the society that the plant is poisonous and should not be eaten.
The seeds can be sold. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Creating and improving markets, infrastructures and technologies that need Jatropca curcas oil or biofuel.

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات
Very low labor and money input for establishment and maintenance. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Keep the technology as simple as it is today.
Easy to atopt in a wide range of environments (Jatroha curcas is a rather tolerant plant). How can they be sustained / enhanced? Additional research to improve knowledge of Jatropha curcas.
Selling of the seeds is an additional income. If the seeds are crushed to oil it can substitute for example lamp oil that has to be bought. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improve market situation and find technologies suitable to use Jatropha curcas oil or biofuel.
The plant can be used in a wide range of rehabilitation purposes (gully rehabilitation, hill stabilization, improvment of micro climate etc.) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Create and maintain awareness of the farmers.
If plantet on bare land only, the plant does not compete with food production. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Sensitize the farmers that food is more important than gaining an extra income so they do not give up their fields for Jatropha seed production.

6.8 نقاط ضعف / مساوىء / مخاطر التقنية وسبل التغلب عليها

نقاط الضعف/ المساوىء/ المخاطر من وجهة نظر مستخدم الأراضي	كيف يمكن التغلب عليها؟
If children eat the seeds they get sick.	Rise awareness that the plant is poisonous.
Plant competes for soil moisture.	Find a good compromise betweeen pruning and maximum toleratet shade as well as maximum soil moisture that can be taken by the plant to maximize yield.
Plant competes for sun light.	Find a good compromise betweeen pruning and maximum toleratet shade as well as maximum soil moisture that can be taken by the plant to maximize yield.

نقاط الضعف/ المساوىء/ المخاطر من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات	كيف يمكن التغلب عليها؟
Jatropha curcas is an alien plant although it is used for more than 30 years in the region.	Research on the long term effects of Jatropha curcas in specific areas.
If the plant should reach maximum yields inputs have to be increased as well and it has to be planted on fertile soil (food competition).	Make shure people only use it as fence or as a SWC plant on bare land.
To avoid shading the plant is often pruned every year and the yield is therefore very small (economically irrelevant).	Find a good compromise betweeen pruning and maximum toleratet shade to maximize yield.
The plant is poisonous. People have to take care and children have to be sensitized. But acording to the farmers eating the leaves or the seeds leads to stomach ache and is not too dangerous.	Create awareness in the society that the plant is poisonous and should not be eaten.
Farmers plant and use Jatropha curcas quite randomly and without any specific approach.	The role of science: find the best practice.

7.2 المراجع للمنشورات المتاحة

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

Bach S. (2012) Potentials and limitations of Jatropha curcas as a multipurpose crop for sustainable energy supply and soil and water conservation - a case study in Bati, Ethiopia, using the WOCAT approach. Unpublished master’s thesis, Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern.