Summary

Description

old grape tree (30 years old) grow under drip irrigation, each plant have 4 dripper with discharge about 2L/hr. plant grow on terraces which covered with plant residues at November to reduce water evaporation and for weed control. grape trees covered with plastic sheet for early production. control of plant diseases is doing under specific regulation for importation

the technology applied in frames and are related to nature and human environment that there are about 200 permanent agriculture engineers and managers control and about 500-4000 temporal workers depends on the time of the season , this technology applied only for grapes grown under drip irrigation, where terraces covered with plant residues and the trees covered with plastic sheet like plastic tunnels. the purpose of the technology are to reduce water evaporation, minimize GHGs, weed control, early production, controlling salinity, increase soil fertility and may be to increase soil carbon biomass. the major activities are covered plant with plastic sheet and covered the soil with rice straw and with the crushed pruned grapes branches, hence the inputs are plastic sheet, rice straw residues, pruned grapes branches, irrigation and fertigation system, this technology can play good role in minimizing water requirements, increase fertilizer use efficiency, increase grapes quality for importation and improvement of soil properties. this technology is good for obtain high quality for grapes but have high costs for establishment and maintaining.

Location

Location: Egypt

No. of Technology sites analysed: single site

Geo-reference of selected sites

29.39941, 29.30556

Spread of the Technology: evenly spread over an area (approx. 1-10 km2)

Date of implementation: 1986; 10-50 years ago

Type of introduction

through land users' innovation
as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)
during experiments/ research
through projects/ external interventions

Classification of the Technology

Main purpose

improve production
reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
conserve ecosystem
protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
preserve/ improve biodiversity
reduce risk of disasters
adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
mitigate climate change and its impacts
create beneficial economic impact
create beneficial social impact

Land use

Cropland - Tree and shrub cropping

Water supply

rainfed
mixed rainfed-irrigated
full irrigation

Number of growing seasons per year: 1

Land use before implementation of the Technology: n.a.

Livestock density: n.a.

Purpose related to land degradation

prevent land degradation
reduce land degradation
restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
adapt to land degradation
not applicable

Degradation addressed

chemical soil deterioration - Cs: salinization/ alkalinization

physical soil deterioration -

biological degradation -

water degradation - Hq: decline of groundwater quality

SLM group

minimal soil disturbance
integrated soil fertility management
integrated pest and disease management (incl. organic agriculture)

SLM measures

agronomic measures - A1: Vegetation/ soil cover, A2: Organic matter/ soil fertility, A3: Soil surface treatment, A4: Subsurface treatment

vegetative measures - V1: Tree and shrub cover

structural measures - S1: Terraces

management measures - M2: Change of management/ intensity level, M3: Layout according to natural and human environment, M6: Waste management (recycling, re-use or reduce)

Establishment and maintenance: activities, inputs and costs

Calculation of inputs and costs

Costs are calculated: per Technology area (size and area unit: 4200 m2)
Currency used for cost calculation: US Dollars
Exchange rate (to USD): 1 USD = 25000.0
Average wage cost of hired labour per day: 50

Most important factors affecting the costs

n.a.

Establishment activities

pruning (Timing/ frequency: November)
mulching (Timing/ frequency: November)
irrigation (Timing/ frequency: November-November)
fertilization (Timing/ frequency: November-Apri)
pest control (Timing/ frequency: January to April)
Terraces maintenance (Timing/ frequency: November)
Covering with plastic sheet (Timing/ frequency: December)

Establishment inputs and costs (per 4200 m2)

Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit (US Dollars)	Total costs per input (US Dollars)	% of costs borne by land users
Labour
pruning	USD	5.0	5.0	25.0	100.0
Mulching	USD	2.0	5.0	10.0	100.0
covering with plastic sheet	USD	10.0	5.0	50.0	100.0
irrigation	USD	15.0	5.0	75.0	100.0
Equipment
irrigation system	USD	1.0	2500.0	2500.0	100.0
Plant material
seedling	USD	500.0	0.75	375.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides
NPK	USD	30.0	20.0	600.0	97.0
humic	usd	2.0	10.0	20.0	100.0
Construction material
	usd
Total costs for establishment of the Technology				3'655.0

Maintenance activities

irrigation (Timing/ frequency: 15)
fertigation (Timing/ frequency: 112)

Natural environment

Average annual rainfall

< 250 mm
251-500 mm
501-750 mm
751-1,000 mm
1,001-1,500 mm
1,501-2,000 mm
2,001-3,000 mm
3,001-4,000 mm
> 4,000 mm

Agro-climatic zone

humid
sub-humid
semi-arid
arid

Specifications on climate

n.a.

Slope

flat (0-2%)
gentle (3-5%)
moderate (6-10%)
rolling (11-15%)
hilly (16-30%)
steep (31-60%)
very steep (>60%)

Landforms

plateau/plains
ridges
mountain slopes
hill slopes
footslopes
valley floors

Altitude

0-100 m a.s.l.
101-500 m a.s.l.
501-1,000 m a.s.l.
1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
> 4,000 m a.s.l.

Technology is applied in

convex situations
concave situations
not relevant

Soil depth

very shallow (0-20 cm)
shallow (21-50 cm)
moderately deep (51-80 cm)
deep (81-120 cm)
very deep (> 120 cm)

Soil texture (topsoil)

coarse/ light (sandy)
medium (loamy, silty)
fine/ heavy (clay)

Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface)

coarse/ light (sandy)
medium (loamy, silty)
fine/ heavy (clay)

Topsoil organic matter content

high (>3%)
medium (1-3%)
low (<1%)

Groundwater table

on surface
< 5 m
5-50 m
> 50 m

Availability of surface water

excess
good
medium
poor/ none

Water quality (untreated)

good drinking water
poor drinking water (treatment required)
for agricultural use only (irrigation)
unusable

Is salinity a problem?

Occurrence of flooding

Species diversity

high
medium
low

Habitat diversity

high
medium
low

Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation

subsistence (self-supply)
mixed (subsistence/ commercial
commercial/ market

Off-farm income

less than 10% of all income
10-50% of all income
> 50% of all income

Relative level of wealth

very poor
poor
average
rich
very rich

Level of mechanization

manual work
animal traction
mechanized/ motorized

Sedentary or nomadic

Sedentary
Semi-nomadic
Nomadic

Individuals or groups

individual/ household
groups/ community
cooperative
employee (company, government)

Gender

women
men

Age

children
youth
middle-aged
elderly

Area used per household

< 0.5 ha
0.5-1 ha
1-2 ha
2-5 ha
5-15 ha
15-50 ha
50-100 ha
100-500 ha
500-1,000 ha
1,000-10,000 ha
> 10,000 ha

Scale

small-scale
medium-scale
large-scale

Land ownership

state
company
communal/ village
group
individual, not titled
individual, titled

Land use rights

open access (unorganized)
communal (organized)
leased
individual

Water use rights

open access (unorganized)
communal (organized)
leased
individual

Access to services and infrastructure

Adoption and adaptation

Percentage of land users in the area who have adopted the Technology

single cases/ experimental
1-10%
10-50%
more than 50%

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have done so without receiving material incentives?

0-10%
10-50%
50-90%
90-100%

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

To which changing conditions?

climatic change/ extremes
changing markets
labour availability (e.g. due to migration)

mulched-grapes (Egypt)

Description

Location

Classification of the Technology

Main purpose

Land use

Water supply

Purpose related to land degradation

Degradation addressed

SLM group

SLM measures

Technical drawing

Technical specifications

Establishment and maintenance: activities, inputs and costs

Calculation of inputs and costs

Most important factors affecting the costs

Establishment activities

Establishment inputs and costs (per 4200 m2)

Maintenance activities

Natural environment

Average annual rainfall

Agro-climatic zone

Specifications on climate

Slope

Landforms

Altitude

Technology is applied in

Soil depth

Soil texture (topsoil)

Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface)

Topsoil organic matter content

Groundwater table

Availability of surface water

Water quality (untreated)

Is salinity a problem?

Occurrence of flooding

Species diversity

Habitat diversity

Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation

Off-farm income

Relative level of wealth

Level of mechanization

Sedentary or nomadic

Individuals or groups

Gender

Age

Area used per household

Scale

Land ownership

Land use rights

Water use rights

Access to services and infrastructure

Impacts

Socio-economic impacts

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Off-site impacts

Cost-benefit analysis

Benefits compared with establishment costs

Benefits compared with maintenance costs

Climate change

Adoption and adaptation

Percentage of land users in the area who have adopted the Technology

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have done so without receiving material incentives?

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

To which changing conditions?

Conclusions and lessons learnt

Strengths: land user's view

Strengths: compiler’s or other key resource person’s view

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: land user's viewhow to overcome

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: compiler’s or other key resource person’s viewhow to overcome

References

Compiler

Editors

Reviewer

Resource persons

Full description in the WOCAT database

Linked SLM data

Documentation was faciliated by