Improved Stove for household cooking use (Nepal)

Sudhariyeko chulo

Description

The technoloigy is engineered in such a way that there will be less consumption of wood and less emission of smoke.

The technology document is entitled"improved Stove In Rural Areas".This technology brings more effective way of cooking compared to the old one.Here,unlike the rural areas wood consumption is lesser and wood consumption is lesser and there is also proper outlet of smoke produced.In the old stove more wood and fuelwood were consumed and smoke were accumul;ated in the cooking site which is the kitchen.Thus it reduces health hazards.
Here we have a single input area to enter the fuelwood for a pair os stoves. This is done because the heat pressure is not allowed to escape and the same heat produced shifts in the other stove and helps in heating.

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose cof the technology was to reduce the health hazards due to accumulation of smoke in the kitchen to reduce the fuelwood consumption, to save time in cooking and hence to maintain a smoke free zone.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The plant was first initiated by VDC in magh(2068B.S) by the assistance of Remerick Chyamrangbesi VDC and other co operatives.The first step was that labourers and technicians were given training an how to set up the stoves.Then they were assigned to construct it in homes.The labour charge and wages were covered by the organisation.The skills were not hightech so the skill was passed to the individuals of house and the maintenance was done.
Also, the organization send a person per year to if the stove is in proper working condition or not.

Natural / human environment: The technology mainly focuses on the health of the people exposed due to the indoor pollution.Since there was proper outlet no smoke was trapped inside which massively reduced air pollution.Besides less firewood was consumed,hence reducing the rate of deforestation and smoke emission.Also the ashes obtained from the burning firewood was a good fertilizer.

Location

Location: Kavrepalanchowk, Chyanrangbesi, Nepal

No. of Technology sites analysed:

Geo-reference of selected sites
  • 85.4557, 27.4763

Spread of the Technology: applied at specific points/ concentrated on a small area

In a permanently protected area?:

Date of implementation: less than 10 years ago (recently)

Type of introduction

Classification of the Technology

Main purpose
  • improve production
  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • conserve ecosystem
  • protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
  • preserve/ improve biodiversity
  • reduce risk of disasters
  • adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
  • mitigate climate change and its impacts
  • create beneficial economic impact
  • create beneficial social impact
Land use

  • Settlements, infrastructure - Energy: pipelines, power lines

Water supply
  • rainfed
  • mixed rainfed-irrigated
  • full irrigation

Purpose related to land degradation
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
  • adapt to land degradation
  • not applicable
Degradation addressed
  • biological degradation - Bq: quantity/ biomass decline
SLM group
  • energy efficiency technologies
SLM measures
  • other measures

Technical drawing

Technical specifications
Two stoves are attached and firewood you require for first stove with input only.Heat is transferred to another stove aswell.It works on the principle of heat entrapment.

Location: Chyamrangbesi. Kavre
Date: 3/12/2012

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low (field staffs taught the technique to local people)

Main technical functions: increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)
Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder), reduction of dry material (fuel for wildfires)

Structural measure: Soil shape
Vertical interval between structures (m): S,C,E

Structural measure: Iron,Chimney
Vertical interval between structures (m): O

Construction material (earth): soil excavated
Construction material (concrete): Concretes were used to make the structure solid and stable.
Construction material (other): Iron and tin was used to make the chimney and also to suppoirt the structure.
Author: Shishir Manandhar, Gauridhara.Kathmandu

Establishment and maintenance: activities, inputs and costs

Calculation of inputs and costs
  • Costs are calculated:
  • Currency used for cost calculation: n.a.
  • Exchange rate (to USD): 1 USD = n.a
  • Average wage cost of hired labour per day: n.a
Most important factors affecting the costs
Labour Skills: Initially the skilled people were hired to construct the stove and then the skills were acquired by the villagers so thet they can themselve make it onwards.The raw materials required were locally available which reduced the cost.
Establishment activities
  1. Technicians were trained by Rimrek (Timing/ frequency: MAgh 2068)
  2. Construction (Timing/ frequency: magh 2068)
  3. Final (Timing/ frequency: Jestha 24,2069)
  4. Materials cost (Timing/ frequency: None)
Establishment inputs and costs
Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit (n.a.) Total costs per input (n.a.) % of costs borne by land users
Labour
Labour unit 1.0 400.0 400.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 400.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 400.0
Maintenance activities
  1. Monitoring (Timing/ frequency: None)

Natural environment

Average annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
  • humid
  • sub-humid
  • semi-arid
  • arid
Specifications on climate
n.a.
Slope
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitude
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Technology is applied in
  • convex situations
  • concave situations
  • not relevant
Soil depth
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter content
  • high (>3%)
  • medium (1-3%)
  • low (<1%)
Groundwater table
  • on surface
  • < 5 m
  • 5-50 m
  • > 50 m
Availability of surface water
  • excess
  • good
  • medium
  • poor/ none
Water quality (untreated)
  • good drinking water
  • poor drinking water (treatment required)
  • for agricultural use only (irrigation)
  • unusable
Is salinity a problem?
  • Yes
  • No

Occurrence of flooding
  • Yes
  • No
Species diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low
Habitat diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low

Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation
  • subsistence (self-supply)
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
  • commercial/ market
Off-farm income
  • less than 10% of all income
  • 10-50% of all income
  • > 50% of all income
Relative level of wealth
  • very poor
  • poor
  • average
  • rich
  • very rich
Level of mechanization
  • manual work
  • animal traction
  • mechanized/ motorized
Sedentary or nomadic
  • Sedentary
  • Semi-nomadic
  • Nomadic
Individuals or groups
  • individual/ household
  • groups/ community
  • cooperative
  • employee (company, government)
Gender
  • women
  • men
Age
  • children
  • youth
  • middle-aged
  • elderly
Area used per household
  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Scale
  • small-scale
  • medium-scale
  • large-scale
Land ownership
  • state
  • company
  • communal/ village
  • group
  • individual, not titled
  • individual, titled
Land use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
Water use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
Access to services and infrastructure
health

poor
good
education

poor
good
technical assistance

poor
good
employment (e.g. off-farm)

poor
good
markets

poor
good
energy

poor
good
roads and transport

poor
good
drinking water and sanitation

poor
good
financial services

poor
good

Impacts

Socio-economic impacts
Crop production
decreased
increased


Ash was used as fertiliser

workload
increased
decreased


Less firewood consumption

Socio-cultural impacts
health situation
worsened
improved

Quantity before SLM: N/A
Quantity after SLM: N/A
Reduce indoor pollution

livelihood and human well-being
reduced
improved


Specifically,the health hazards due to indoor air pollution and smoke effects has massively reduced.

Ecological impacts
emission of carbon and greenhouse gases
increased
decreased

Quantity before SLM: N/A
Quantity after SLM: N/A
Less firewood conmsumption so less smoke produced

Off-site impacts
Emission of smoke
improved
reduced


Less smoke generated

Health hazards
improved
reduced


Systematic arrangement of smoke,less smoke,proper outlet of smoke

Cost-benefit analysis

Benefits compared with establishment costs
Short-term returns
very negative
very positive

Long-term returns
very negative
very positive

Benefits compared with maintenance costs
Short-term returns
very negative
very positive

Long-term returns
very negative
very positive

Funds were given by VDC for establishment. The locals acquired the skills later and maintainence cost effective.

Climate change

-

Adoption and adaptation

Percentage of land users in the area who have adopted the Technology
  • single cases/ experimental
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have done so without receiving material incentives?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
  • Yes
  • No
To which changing conditions?
  • climatic change/ extremes
  • changing markets
  • labour availability (e.g. due to migration)

Conclusions and lessons learnt

Strengths: land user's view
  • Health problems resulting from smoke have been less of a problem
  • Time period for cooking was comparatively lesser.
Strengths: compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
  • Less firewood was consumed leading to minimum indoor pollution
  • Saved time in wood collection as less firewood was consumed
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: land user's viewhow to overcome
  • No disadvantages
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: compiler’s or other key resource person’s viewhow to overcome
  • Though lesser smoke is produced smoke is still harmful to atmosphere Filtering devices can be inserted in chimneys,but that will be expensive.
  • Instead of blowing air by mouth certain mechanical devices can be use Devices available in market can be used

References

Compiler
  • Sabita Aryal
Editors
Reviewer
  • David Streiff
  • Alexandra Gavilano
Date of documentation: Jan. 22, 2014
Last update: June 3, 2019
Resource persons
Full description in the WOCAT database
Linked SLM data
Documentation was faciliated by
Institution Project
Key references
  • www.mapkarta.com: Thamel
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International