Forêt Régionale de Nguith (parcelle clôturée et pare-feu périmétral) (CSE-LADA (Dakar, Sénégal))

Conversion de zones cultivées en forêt régionale (Senegal)

Tool bi (wolof)

Description

Conversion d'une zone agricole en forêt régonale dans le cadre d'un programme national de reforestation.

En 2004, l’Etat sénégalais a entrepris un programme de mise en place de forêts communautaires d’une superficie de 200 ha chacune dans neuf régions du Sénégal. Dans le village de Nguith (zone sylvopastorale), toutes les catégories sociales se sont alors mobilisées pour aménager d’un commun accord avec le service des Eaux et Forêts une parcelle de 500 ha. Cet espace fut clôturé pour prévenir la divagation du bétail et cerné d’un pare-feu périmétral de protection contre les feux bien que leur occurrence soit en baisse depuis quelques années.

Objet de la technologie: La création de cette forêt obéissait à la nécessité de restaurer une zone agricole fortement dégradée par la sécheresse, le surpâturage et l’érosion éolienne dont les effets étaient favorisés par les coupes abusives et la mécanisation agricole.

La mise en défens de la parcelle reboisée avec 6250 plants de Acacia senegal a permis de limiter la transhumance. Par ailleurs, les populations de Nguith, celles des villages environnants et même les habitants de la ville voisine de Linguère ont pu bénéficier d’une importante réserve fourragère. Auparavant, il arrivait à ces populations de devoir louer un camion pour aller chercher le fourrage à une distance de vingt kilomètres.

Activités d'établissement et de maintenance et entrées: Aujourd’hui, cette forêt régionale est gérée par les populations de Nguith, avec l’appui du service des Eaux et Forêts. Pour prélever la charge d’une charrette de paille, il faut s’acquitter de redevances d’un montant d’environ 3 US$. Ces revenus permettent de payer le gardiennage. A partir de l’année 2011, ces revenus s’accroîtront avec l’exploitation de la gomme arabique. A la périphérie de la forêt, quelques parcelles sont mises en culture sous pluie (arachide, niébé, melon).

Environnement naturel / humain: Dans des terroirs où la gratuité de l’accès aux ressources avait fini de fragiliser les écosystèmes et de compromettre les biens et services qui en sont tirés pour le bien-être des populations, la mise en place de forêts régionales permet de sécuriser les activités de production et d’instaurer ou de renforcer l’entente sociale autour d’un espace où les intérêts sont communs.

Les seuls inconvénients liés à cette technologie sont les frais de mis en place de la clôture (fil de fer barbelé) et l’ouverture du pare-feu qui exige l’achat de matériel lourd et une consommation en carburant élevée. En plus, les populations auront toujours besoin de ressources financières pour assurer la pérennité des retombées de l’exploitation à travers le gardiennage continu de la forêt.

Location

Location: Nguith, Linguère, Senegal

No. of Technology sites analysed:

Geo-reference of selected sites
  • -15.1374, 15.3951

Spread of the Technology:

In a permanently protected area?:

Date of implementation: less than 10 years ago (recently)

Type of introduction
Forêt Régionale de Nguith (porte en fer pour réglementer l'accès) (CSE-LADA (Dakar, Sénégal))

Classification of the Technology

Main purpose
  • improve production
  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • conserve ecosystem
  • protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
  • preserve/ improve biodiversity
  • reduce risk of disasters
  • adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
  • mitigate climate change and its impacts
  • create beneficial economic impact
  • create beneficial social impact
Land use

  • Forest/ woodlands
    • Tree plantation, afforestation
    Products and services: Fuelwood, Nature conservation/ protection

Water supply
  • rainfed
  • mixed rainfed-irrigated
  • full irrigation

Purpose related to land degradation
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
  • adapt to land degradation
  • not applicable
Degradation addressed
  • soil erosion by wind - Et: loss of topsoil
  • biological degradation - Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bh: loss of habitats, Bq: quantity/ biomass decline, Bf: detrimental effects of fires, Bs: quality and species composition/ diversity decline
SLM group
  • area closure (stop use, support restoration)
SLM measures
  • vegetative measures - V1: Tree and shrub cover
  • structural measures - S11: Others
  • management measures - M1: Change of land use type

Technical drawing

Technical specifications

Establishment and maintenance: activities, inputs and costs

Calculation of inputs and costs
  • Costs are calculated:
  • Currency used for cost calculation: n.a.
  • Exchange rate (to USD): 1 USD = n.a
  • Average wage cost of hired labour per day: n.a
Most important factors affecting the costs
n.a.
Establishment activities
  1. Mise en place de la pépinière (Timing/ frequency: 5 mois (avril-août))
  2. Reboisement (Timing/ frequency: août)
  3. Pare-feu (Timing/ frequency: None)
  4. Confection et pose de la clôture (Timing/ frequency: None)
  5. Réunion de concertation (élaboration de charte) (Timing/ frequency: None)
  6. Sensibilisation (Timing/ frequency: None)
Maintenance activities
  1. Arrosage (Timing/ frequency: None)
  2. Désherbage (Timing/ frequency: None)
  3. Entretien du pare-feu (désherbage) (Timing/ frequency: annuel)
  4. Gardiennage (Timing/ frequency: None)

Natural environment

Average annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
  • humid
  • sub-humid
  • semi-arid
  • arid
Specifications on climate
Précipitations annuelles: 251-500 mm (350-400mm, classé 1) et 500-750 mm (classé 2, maximun: 700 mm en 2009)
Classe de climat thermique: tropiques
Slope
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitude
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Technology is applied in
  • convex situations
  • concave situations
  • not relevant
Soil depth
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter content
  • high (>3%)
  • medium (1-3%)
  • low (<1%)
Groundwater table
  • on surface
  • < 5 m
  • 5-50 m
  • > 50 m
Availability of surface water
  • excess
  • good
  • medium
  • poor/ none
Water quality (untreated)
  • good drinking water
  • poor drinking water (treatment required)
  • for agricultural use only (irrigation)
  • unusable
Water quality refers to:
Is salinity a problem?
  • Yes
  • No

Occurrence of flooding
  • Yes
  • No
Species diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low
Habitat diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low

Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation
  • subsistence (self-supply)
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
  • commercial/ market
Off-farm income
  • less than 10% of all income
  • 10-50% of all income
  • > 50% of all income
Relative level of wealth
  • very poor
  • poor
  • average
  • rich
  • very rich
Level of mechanization
  • manual work
  • animal traction
  • mechanized/ motorized
Sedentary or nomadic
  • Sedentary
  • Semi-nomadic
  • Nomadic
Individuals or groups
  • individual/ household
  • groups/ community
  • cooperative
  • employee (company, government)
Gender
  • women
  • men
Age
  • children
  • youth
  • middle-aged
  • elderly
Area used per household
  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Scale
  • small-scale
  • medium-scale
  • large-scale
Land ownership
  • state
  • company
  • communal/ village
  • group
  • individual, not titled
  • individual, titled
Land use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
Water use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
Access to services and infrastructure
health

poor
good
education

poor
good
technical assistance

poor
good
employment (e.g. off-farm)

poor
good
markets

poor
good
energy

poor
good
roads and transport

poor
good
drinking water and sanitation

poor
good
financial services

poor
good

Impacts

Socio-economic impacts
fodder production
decreased
increased

wood production
decreased
increased

product diversity
decreased
increased

farm income
decreased
increased

diversity of income sources
decreased
increased

Socio-cultural impacts
food security/ self-sufficiency
reduced
improved

national institutions
weakened
strengthened

SLM/ land degradation knowledge
reduced
improved

conflict mitigation
worsened
improved

Les moyens de subsistance et le bien-être humain
en baisse
augmenté

Ecological impacts
water quantity
decreased
increased

water quality
decreased
increased

excess water drainage
reduced
improved

groundwater table/ aquifer
lowered
recharge

evaporation
increased
decreased

soil cover
reduced
improved

soil loss
increased
decreased

nutrient cycling/ recharge
decreased
increased

soil organic matter/ below ground C
decreased
increased

biomass/ above ground C
decreased
increased

plant diversity
decreased
increased

animal diversity
decreased
increased

beneficial species (predators, earthworms, pollinators)
decreased
increased


Poissons prédateurs de moustiques

habitat diversity
decreased
increased

pest/ disease control
decreased
increased

emission of carbon and greenhouse gases
increased
decreased

fire risk
increased
decreased

wind velocity
increased
decreased

Off-site impacts
downstream siltation
increased
decreased

Fourrage disponible
en baisse
augmenté

Cost-benefit analysis

Benefits compared with establishment costs
Short-term returns
very negative
very positive

Long-term returns
very negative
very positive

Benefits compared with maintenance costs
Short-term returns
very negative
very positive

Long-term returns
very negative
very positive

Climate change

Gradual climate change
annual temperature increase

not well at all
very well
Climate-related extremes (disasters)
local rainstorm

not well at all
very well
local windstorm

not well at all
very well
drought

not well at all
very well
general (river) flood

not well at all
very well
Other climate-related consequences
reduced growing period

not well at all
very well

Adoption and adaptation

Percentage of land users in the area who have adopted the Technology
  • single cases/ experimental
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have done so without receiving material incentives?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
  • Yes
  • No
To which changing conditions?
  • climatic change/ extremes
  • changing markets
  • labour availability (e.g. due to migration)

Conclusions and lessons learnt

Strengths: land user's view
  • Sécurisation des activités autorisées

    Comment peuvent-ils être soutenus / améliorés? Soutenir les populations dans le gardiennage
  • Mobilisation de la communauté
Strengths: compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: land user's viewhow to overcome
  • Coûts de la clôture et du pare-feu élevés
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: compiler’s or other key resource person’s viewhow to overcome

References

Compiler
  • Déthié Soumaré Ndiaye
Editors
Reviewer
  • Fabian Ottiger
  • Alexandra Gavilano
Date of documentation: April 14, 2011
Last update: June 19, 2019
Resource persons
Full description in the WOCAT database
Linked SLM data
Documentation was faciliated by
Institution Project
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International