рощицы из посаженных 3 летних ивовых веток в сильнокаменистой пойме реки. Быстро укореняются и хорошо укрепляют пойменный грунт и через 2-3 года будут стабильно обеспечивать дровами. (Некушоева Гулнисо)

Rational use of empty and narrow parts along roads as well as the very in stony and unproductive areas of the floodplains by planting willow trees (considering the land shortage problems) (Tajikistan)

Description

Planting fast-growing willow trees along roads and in very stony areas in the floodplains of the small rivers in the arid highlands of Western Pamirs

This technology is easy to implement: seedlings (2-3 years old willows’ branches) are planted along both sides of the roads (along the very narrow earth lines), as well as in the very stony floodplains or along the small canals in Vanch rayon. They can be planted in several rows or as a group and needs small, not deep and narrow irrigation canals. Electricity is provided only for couple of hours per day, which is not enough to prepare food and to heat houses during the cold months (4-5 months). People do not have enough money to buy gas and coal. Mainly kizak and tree branches are used and petrol is used for lighting (which not also not cheap). This condition forced people to cut down trees in the area (especially floodplain forest) within the last 18 years. All arable lands in the village are occupied. 74 years old retired Narzulloev Daut is physically incapable to go far away in search for wood, therefore, he decided to “produce” wood not far from his house. He planted trees along the roads and in the stony floodplains of the small river. He has been doing it for 10-15 years and continues planting additional seedlings every year. This technology reduces pressure to environment.

Planting willow trees to ensure cheep woods for households for cooking, backing bread (2-3 times per week), heating and other purposes

Seedlings are prepared by farmers for free. 3-4 years old willow-trees’ branches are cut (2-2.5 m) and after cutting tops of them, they are planted into mist soil along the narrow, not deep irrigation canals. Manure is placed into the planting holes. At the beginning it needs every day watering, after some time, every second day. Next year ones a week watering is sufficient. Irrigation is also not difficult: river water flows first through the main canal irrigating trees planted along the roads then further to all trees in the floodplain. Seedlings grow fast, their trunks surrounded by branches or fenced with thorns to protect them from goats. Planting willow-trees along the roads allow to reduce air pollution by exhaust gases (CO2 is absorbed during photosynthesis). Willow trees planted in the floodplain, protects the soil. At the same time this technology does not interfere with other technologies (do not make shade) connected with gardening or using arable lands. Moreover, already after 4-5 years, farmers consistently provided with firewood.

Chihoh and Ravgad villages, Teharv district, Vanch region. 86% of the region’s territory is not suitable either as arable land or pasture land. There is no available land to plant trees and leshoz does not allow cutting down its trees. Electricity is provided only for couple of hours. Lezshoz in Vanch is incapable to provide the villages with wood. Each your leshoz must prepare 200m3 od ire wood for schools and hospitals and can sell only 400m3 wood to villagers in the autumn. Families receive wood, branches for goats in spring when there is very few fodder available. Rods, diameters of which are up to 1sm, are used for weaving baskets, which are necessary in the household. They are also used as a construction material or to fence the gardens. Obtaining cheap wood quickly: Many farmers are interested in implementing this technology because of its cheapness and easiness. Willow requires a lot of water, but other than that there are few work needs to be done.

Location

Location: GBAO, Vanch, Chihoh, Tajikistan, Tajikistan

No. of Technology sites analysed:

Geo-reference of selected sites
  • n.a.

Spread of the Technology: evenly spread over an area (approx. < 0.1 km2 (10 ha))

In a permanently protected area?:

Date of implementation:

Type of introduction
высаженные вдоль дорог деревья ивы- возможность улавливать сразу выхлопные газы и обеспечивать дровами-рациональное использование пустующих вдоль дорог узких полос земель. (Некушоева Гулнисо)

Classification of the Technology

Main purpose
  • improve production
  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • conserve ecosystem
  • protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
  • preserve/ improve biodiversity
  • reduce risk of disasters
  • adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
  • mitigate climate change and its impacts
  • create beneficial economic impact
  • create beneficial social impact
Land use

  • Grazing land
    • Nomadism
  • Forest/ woodlands
    • (Semi-)natural forests/ woodlands. Management: Selective felling, Clear felling
    • Tree plantation, afforestation. Varieties: Monoculture local variety
    Products and services: Timber, Fuelwood, Fruits and nuts, Grazing/ browsing, Nature conservation/ protection, Recreation/ tourism, Protection against natural hazards
Water supply
  • rainfed
  • mixed rainfed-irrigated
  • full irrigation

Purpose related to land degradation
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
  • adapt to land degradation
  • not applicable
Degradation addressed
  • physical soil deterioration - Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities
  • biological degradation - Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bq: quantity/ biomass decline, Bf: detrimental effects of fires, Bl: loss of soil life
  • water degradation - Ha: aridification
SLM group
  • forest plantation management
SLM measures
  • vegetative measures - V1: Tree and shrub cover
  • management measures - M1: Change of land use type

Technical drawing

Technical specifications

Establishment and maintenance: activities, inputs and costs

Calculation of inputs and costs
  • Costs are calculated:
  • Currency used for cost calculation: 4.8
  • Exchange rate (to USD): 1 USD = 4.8 4.8
  • Average wage cost of hired labour per day: n.a
Most important factors affecting the costs
Far away from water sources, very stony, slopy area
Establishment activities
  1. Clearing the site of the stones (Timing/ frequency: before planting)
  2. digging holes toplant seedlings (Timing/ frequency: in spring)
  3. putting firtilizers (manure) (Timing/ frequency: Перед посадкой)
  4. planting 3-4 years old branches of a willow (Timing/ frequency: in spring)
  5. watering willow seedlings (Timing/ frequency: None)
  6. protectng seedlings: fencing each seedling with buckthorn or braches of burlap or with plastic sheet (Timing/ frequency: Каждый день, потом через день)
  7. Digging up the main upper canal (Timing/ frequency: None)
  8. settting the irrigation net throughout the area where trees are planted (Timing/ frequency: None)
Maintenance activities
  1. watering trees (Timing/ frequency: 4 times per month)
  2. cutting down young branches in spring and use them as fodder for animals (Timing/ frequency: april - may)
  3. cutting big branches (Timing/ frequency: october)
  4. if necessary, planting new trees in other places along roads (Timing/ frequency: spring)
  5. cleaning all irrigation canals (Timing/ frequency: None)

Natural environment

Average annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
  • humid
  • sub-humid
  • semi-arid
  • arid
Specifications on climate
232-238мм precipitation, mainly in winter and spring
Thermal climate class: subtropics. 3-4 months per year are cold (below 18C)
Slope
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitude
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Technology is applied in
  • convex situations
  • concave situations
  • not relevant
Soil depth
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter content
  • high (>3%)
  • medium (1-3%)
  • low (<1%)
Groundwater table
  • on surface
  • < 5 m
  • 5-50 m
  • > 50 m
Availability of surface water
  • excess
  • good
  • medium
  • poor/ none
Water quality (untreated)
  • good drinking water
  • poor drinking water (treatment required)
  • for agricultural use only (irrigation)
  • unusable
Water quality refers to:
Is salinity a problem?
  • Yes
  • No

Occurrence of flooding
  • Yes
  • No
Species diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low
Habitat diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low

Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation
  • subsistence (self-supply)
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
  • commercial/ market
Off-farm income
  • less than 10% of all income
  • 10-50% of all income
  • > 50% of all income
Relative level of wealth
  • very poor
  • poor
  • average
  • rich
  • very rich
Level of mechanization
  • manual work
  • animal traction
  • mechanized/ motorized
Sedentary or nomadic
  • Sedentary
  • Semi-nomadic
  • Nomadic
Individuals or groups
  • individual/ household
  • groups/ community
  • cooperative
  • employee (company, government)
Gender
  • women
  • men
Age
  • children
  • youth
  • middle-aged
  • elderly
Area used per household
  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Scale
  • small-scale
  • medium-scale
  • large-scale
Land ownership
  • state
  • company
  • communal/ village
  • group
  • individual, not titled
  • individual, titled
Land use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
Water use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
Access to services and infrastructure
health

poor
x
good
education

poor
x
good
technical assistance

poor
x
good
employment (e.g. off-farm)

poor
x
good
markets

poor
x
good
energy

poor
x
good
roads and transport

poor
x
good
drinking water and sanitation

poor
x
good

Impacts

Socio-economic impacts
Socio-cultural impacts
Ecological impacts
Off-site impacts

Cost-benefit analysis

Benefits compared with establishment costs
Short-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Long-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Benefits compared with maintenance costs

Climate change

Gradual climate change
annual temperature increase

not well at all
x
very well
Climate-related extremes (disasters)
local rainstorm

not well at all
x
very well
local windstorm

not well at all
x
very well
drought

not well at all
x
very well
general (river) flood

not well at all
x
very well
Other climate-related consequences
reduced growing period

not well at all
x
very well

Adoption and adaptation

Percentage of land users in the area who have adopted the Technology
  • single cases/ experimental
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have done so without receiving material incentives?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
  • Yes
  • No
To which changing conditions?
  • climatic change/ extremes
  • changing markets
  • labour availability (e.g. due to migration)

Conclusions and lessons learnt

Strengths: land user's view
Strengths: compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: land user's viewhow to overcome
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: compiler’s or other key resource person’s viewhow to overcome

References

Compiler
  • Gulniso Nekushoeva
Editors
Reviewer
  • Alexandra Gavilano
  • Deborah Niggli
Date of documentation: Nov. 4, 2011
Last update: Aug. 20, 2019
Resource persons
Full description in the WOCAT database
Linked SLM data
Documentation was faciliated by
Institution Project
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International