In Colombia, blackberry is a very widespread crop. It is grown in 18 of the 32 administrative departments. Moreover, it involves around 30,000 families, generating direct and indirect jobs for the communities. Due to its phenological characteristics, blackberry cultivation has the advantage of ensuring stable employment in the regions where it is produced, creating rural jobs, and reducing emigration to cities (Escobar-Torres, 2014). It is estimated that 85% of blackberry production in the country is on peasant farms and the remaining 15% is grown by commercial medium-size producers (Tobasura and Ospina-Parra, 2011), where the predominant planting material is the Castille blackberry (Rubus glaucus). Between 2015 and 2019, the area planted with blackberries in Colombia increased by 3%, reaching about 15,500 ha, and its production increased by 28% (SIOC, 2020). However, the average yield of the blackberry in the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá was only 6.6 and 9.4 ton/ha (EVA, 2018), values that contrast with the 28 ton/ha productive potential of the species established by Cardona and Bolaños (2019).
The technical recommendations presented here are in keeping with SLM, being based on good agricultural practices including weed management, application of compost, biofertilizers, and the rational use of chemical fertilizers. Fertilizers – nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as well as calcium are applied in carefully calculated amounts at three stages of the crop: vegetative, reproductive, and productive.
Yields of 28 t/ha can be achieved through the use of those practices. However, this high level of production requires soil analysis and the availability of fertilizers that supply the soil with macro and micronutrients. The implementation of this technology generates higher income for the producers and sustains the soil through the correct application of nutrients. Finally, it is important to mention that this technology reduces the proportion of costs associated with fertilization, as the amount of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5), potassium (K2O), and calcium (CaO) applied to the soil was reduced.
Location: Guarne Aguadas Córdoba Apía Ginebra Piedecuesta Ragonvalia Arcabuco San Bernardo, Silvania, Pasca El Colegio Garzón Cumbal Santiago, Antioquia, Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca, Santander, Norte de Santander, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Huila, Nariño, Putumayo., Colombia
No. of Technology sites analysed: 10-100 sites
Spread of the Technology: applied at specific points/ concentrated on a small area
In a permanently protected area?: No
Date of implementation: 2018; less than 10 years ago (recently)
Type of introduction
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit (n.a.) | Total costs per input (n.a.) | % of costs borne by land users |
Labour | |||||
Repicada | Jornal | 4.0 | 40000.0 | 160000.0 | 0.6 |
Plateo | Jornal | 2.0 | 70000.0 | 140000.0 | 0.5 |
Control de arvenses con guadaña | Jornal | 9.0 | 40000.0 | 360000.0 | 1.3 |
Aplicación de fertilizante, manejo fitosanitario | Jornal | 10.0 | 40000.0 | 400000.0 | 1.4 |
Equipment | |||||
Transporte de plantas | Guacal | 17.0 | 40000.0 | 680000.0 | 2.4 |
Transporte de fertilizantes | Unidad | 9.0 | 70000.0 | 630000.0 | 2.3 |
Análisis de suelo | Unidad | 14.0 | 40000.0 | 560000.0 | 1.2 |
Limpliar terreno con guadaña (preparación de terreno) | Jornal | 40.0 | 40000.0 | 1600000.0 | 5.7 |
Aporque | Jornal | 9.0 | 40000.0 | 360000.0 | 1.3 |
Trazado y ahoyado | Jornal | 6.0 | 40000.0 | 240000.0 | 0.9 |
Cal dolomita | Bulto | 47.0 | 40000.0 | 1880000.0 | 6.8 |
Yeso agrícola | Bulto | 50.0 | 11000.0 | 550000.0 | 2.0 |
Plant material | |||||
1333 plantas | Planta | 12.0 | 13400.0 | 160800.0 | 0.6 |
Trasplante | Jornal | 4.0 | 12000.0 | 48000.0 | 0.2 |
Abono orgánico (Trasplante y abono de arvenses) | Bulto | 1400.0 | 22000.0 | 30800000.0 | 2.5 |
Micorriza (Trasplante y abono de arvenses) | Bulto | 28.0 | 2500.0 | 70000.0 | 0.3 |
Athrin Brío (Manejo fitosanitario) | Litro | 27.0 | 22000.0 | 594000.0 | 2.1 |
Trivia (Manejo fitosanitario) | Bolsa | 3.0 | 73000.0 | 219000.0 | 0.8 |
Mixel top | Litro | 1.0 | 43500.0 | 43500.0 | 0.2 |
Amistar top | Litro | 2.0 | 56306.0 | 112612.0 | 0.4 |
Fertilizers and biocides | |||||
Urea | Kilogramo | 18.0 | 1680.0 | 30240.0 | 0.1 |
DAP | Kilogramo | 34.0 | 2000.0 | 68000.0 | 0.2 |
KCl (fertilización mes 3,5,7,10 y 12 después de trasplante) | Bulto | 3.0 | 87300.0 | 261900.0 | 0.9 |
DAP (fertilización mes 3,5,7,10 y 12 después de trasplante) | Bulto | 1.5 | 100000.0 | 150000.0 | 0.5 |
Agrimis ( (fertilización mes 3,5,7,10 y 12 después de trasplante) | Bulto | 2.0 | 91000.0 | 182000.0 | 0.7 |
Urea (fertilización mes 3,5,7,10 y 12 después de trasplante) | Bulto | 3.0 | 84000.0 | 252000.0 | 0.9 |
Transporte de fertilizantes | Bulto | 0.7 | 138000.0 | 96600.0 | 0.3 |
Aplicación | Jornal | 2.0 | 22800.0 | 45600.0 | 0.2 |
Construction material | |||||
Cemento | Bulto | 2.0 | 15000.0 | 30000.0 | 0.1 |
Canastilla plástica de 15 kig | Unidad | 0.84 | 203700.0 | 171108.0 | 0.6 |
Arena | m3 | 2.0 | 37905.0 | 75810.0 | 0.3 |
Parales eucalipto | Unidad | 627.0 | 16510.0 | 10351770.0 | 37.1 |
Gravilla 3/8 | m3 | 5940.0 | 120.0 | 712800.0 | 2.6 |
Rajón | m3 | 627.0 | 5504.0 | 3451008.0 | 12.4 |
Tornillo tipo perno de 1/2" | Unidad | 6.0 | 4390.0 | 26340.0 | 0.1 |
Inmunizante incoloro | Galón | 1.0 | 1005000.0 | 1005000.0 | 3.6 |
Other | |||||
Teja de 3,6 m cal 34 | Unidad | 1.0 | 78333.0 | 78333.0 | 0.3 |
Amarres | Unidad | 16.0 | 2500.0 | 40000.0 | 0.1 |
Gravilla 1/2" | m3 | 1.0 | 70000.0 | 70000.0 | 0.3 |
Lona verde | Rollo | 1.0 | 140000.0 | 140000.0 | 0.5 |
Construcción punto de acopio | Jornal | 10.0 | 2500.0 | 25000.0 | 0.1 |
Podas | Unidad1 | 1.0 | 70000.0 | 70000.0 | 0.3 |
Total costs for establishment of the Technology | 56'941'421.0 | ||||
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD | 16'026.29 |
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit (n.a.) | Total costs per input (n.a.) | % of costs borne by land users |
Labour | |||||
Plateo | Jornal | 32.0 | 40000.0 | 1280000.0 | 9.0 |
Control de arvenses con guadaña | Jornal | 12.0 | 70000.0 | 840000.0 | 4.7 |
Aplicación fertilización granulada (Bimestral) | Jornal | 24.0 | 40000.0 | 960000.0 | 5.4 |
Aplicación fertilización foliar | Jornal | 6.0 | 40000.0 | 240000.0 | 1.4 |
Equipment | |||||
Podas | Jornal | 50.0 | 40000.0 | 2000000.0 | 13.6 |
Manejo fitosanitario | Jornal | 12.0 | 40000.0 | 480000.0 | 2.7 |
Cosecha | Jornal | 170.0 | 40000.0 | 6800000.0 | 47.0 |
Tijeras | Unidad | 2.0 | 56306.0 | 112612.0 | 0.6 |
Guantes | Unidad | 2.0 | 4200.0 | 8400.0 | 0.05 |
Agrodyne | Litro | 1.0 | 43500.0 | 43500.0 | 0.2 |
Fertilizers and biocides | |||||
KCI | Bulto | 6.5 | 87300.0 | 567450.0 | 3.9 |
DAP | Bulto | 1.0 | 100000.0 | 100000.0 | 0.6 |
Agrimins | Bulto | 1.5 | 91000.0 | 136500.0 | 1.0 |
Urea | Bulto | 5.0 | 84000.0 | 420000.0 | 2.8 |
Nitrato de calcio | Bulto | 1.0 | 45000.0 | 45000.0 | 0.3 |
Mixel Top | Litro | 2.0 | 15000.0 | 30000.0 | 0.2 |
Transfer ionic | Litro | 3.0 | 37905.0 | 113715.0 | 0.6 |
Amistar top | Litro | 1.0 | 203700.0 | 203700.0 | 1.2 |
Construction material | |||||
Trivia | Bolsa | 6.0 | 22800.0 | 136800.0 | 0.8 |
Nativo | Litro | 1.0 | 138000.0 | 138000.0 | 0.8 |
Decis | Litro | 1.0 | 148000.0 | 148000.0 | 0.8 |
Fitoraz | Bolsa | 6.0 | 22800.0 | 136800.0 | 0.8 |
Athrin Brío | Litro | 1.0 | 138000.0 | 138000.0 | 0.8 |
Mixel Top | Litro | 5.0 | 15000.0 | 75000.0 | 0.4 |
Other | |||||
Transporte fertilizantes | Bulto | 14.0 | 2500.0 | 35000.0 | 0.3 |
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology | 15'188'477.0 | ||||
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD | 4'274.83 |
Quantity before SLM: 8,8 t/ha
Quantity after SLM: 28 t/ha
Quantity before SLM: 0.1 t/ha
Quantity after SLM: 0.05 t/ha
Con el uso de la tecnología se tuvo una reducción en el uso de nutrientes: -85,3% de nitrógeno (N) aplicado, -74,3 % de fósforo (P2O5) aplicado y -4,6% de potasio (K2O) aplicado, y un aumento del 100 % en la aplicación de calcio (CaO).