A land restoration using reconstitution technology (main picture); in the miniature the area before intervention (Paolo Manfredi)

Reconstitution of Soils (Italy)

Ricostituzione

Description

Reconstitution of soils is a pedotechnique based on the treatment of organic and non-organic pedomaterials to achieve benefits in areas with barren, degraded, desertified and/ or sealed soils.

Reconstitution of soils to generate an Anthroposol is a technology based on the treatment of organic and non-organic pedomaterials or “matrices” (from “matrix” in Latin: everything that is the foundation of something) to achieve ecosystem benefits, especially in areas with degraded, desertified, barren and/or sealed soils. The technology applies a conceptual model based on the production of new soil aggregates with targeted environmental and soil characters generated via a chemico-mechanical process that entails reusing residues of specific origin. The activity is consistent with the principles of a “Circular Economy”, applying restoration ecology, use of compatible waste and saving the non-renewable resource of soil. Reconstitution is covered by two patents of the mcm Ecosistemi s.r.l. company.
Reconstitution applies the process to two groups of pedomaterials. Firstly, primary matrices (matrices I), represent the main material to be converted into fertile soil. These could be degraded soil itself or inorganic mineral pedomaterials. Secondly, secondary matrices (matrices II) refer to byproducts and waste from production activities. Secondary matrices are divided into two. First, organic - from wood and cellulose processing production activities and from textile and agro-food industries. These are characterized by a high organic component with a high carbon/nitrogen ratio, and a high presence of plant fibres. Second, mineral matrices - especially from mining, the preparation of drinking and industrial water and the management of hydroelectric reservoirs and internal canals. There are four stages.
1) Loading: After the chemico-physico-environmental and rheological characterization of matrices I and II, the materials are selected according to the type of soil desired and then loaded in the plant. Dosage is calculated through an application program (PEDOGÉNIA), which estimates the chemical properties of the finished product.
2) Mixing: The matrices undergo mechanical mixing under controlled humidity.
3) Disaggregation: Breakup and defibering through rotating movements at variable power.
4) Reconstitution: Specifically calibrated cyclic compression and formation of reconstituted soil aggregates.
The treatment generates an Anthroposol whose characters and properties are different from the materials of origin.
The properties of the reconstituted soils and the technical-economic sustainability of the pedotechnology have been demonstrated over the years with agronomical tests and experiments, as well as comparative analysis between degraded soils and reconstituted soils. This demonstrates the reconstituted soil’s ability to create a stable pedosystem to carry out its basic functions - storage, filtration, transformation of nutrients and biodiversity pools - for various forms of land use, and ecosystem benefits. Agroforestry restoration with reconstitution has social impact, as it is demonstrated by a EU project (“New Life”), where the Park of Trebbia river has increased utility to people after restoration. Agronomic restoration allows farmers to increase yields using less fertilizer and water. Another environmental and economic advantage is that manufacturing companies which produce waste can reduce costs through the recycling process of reconstitution. For reconstitution, a plant has to be installed near the land to be restored; an overview is presented in 4.1. In addition, earth moving vehicles are needed for the transport and placement of reconstituted soil.

Location

Location: Emilia Romagna, Piacenza; Piemonte, Vicolungo, Italy

No. of Technology sites analysed: 2-10 sites

Geo-reference of selected sites
  • 9.68226, 44.98035
  • 9.65101, 45.06624
  • 9.61473, 45.03032
  • 9.60403, 45.01827
  • 9.76647, 45.08936
  • 8.47166, 45.46602

Spread of the Technology: evenly spread over an area (approx. 1-10 km2)

In a permanently protected area?: No

Date of implementation: less than 10 years ago (recently)

Type of introduction
Reconstituted soil (Paolo Manfredi)
Plot of reconstituted soil (main picture); miniature: loading of the soil to be reconstituted and control panel of the plant (Paolo Manfredi)

Classification of the Technology

Main purpose
  • improve production
  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • conserve ecosystem
  • protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
  • preserve/ improve biodiversity
  • reduce risk of disasters
  • adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
  • mitigate climate change and its impacts
  • create beneficial economic impact
  • create beneficial social impact
Land use
Land use mixed within the same land unit: Yes - Agroforestry

  • Cropland
    • Annual cropping: cereals - maize, tomato, fodder crops
    Number of growing seasons per year: 2
    Is intercropping practiced? No
    Is crop rotation practiced? Yes
  • Forest/ woodlands
    • (Semi-)natural forests/ woodlands: subtropical dry forest natural vegetation
    • Tree plantation, afforestation: subtropical dry forest plantation. Varieties: Mixed varieties
    Tree types (mixed deciduous/ evergreen): Acacia species, Populus species, Salix species
    Products and services: Nature conservation/ protection, Recreation/ tourism, Protection against natural hazards
Water supply
  • rainfed
  • mixed rainfed-irrigated
  • full irrigation
Purpose related to land degradation
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
  • adapt to land degradation
  • not applicable
Degradation addressed
  • soil erosion by water - Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion, Wo: offsite degradation effects
  • soil erosion by wind - Et: loss of topsoil
  • chemical soil deterioration - Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion), Ca: acidification, Cs: salinization/ alkalinization
  • physical soil deterioration - Pc: compaction, Pk: slaking and crusting, Pi: soil sealing
  • biological degradation - Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bh: loss of habitats, Bq: quantity/ biomass decline, Bs: quality and species composition/ diversity decline, Bl: loss of soil life
  • water degradation - Ha: aridification
SLM group
  • integrated soil fertility management
  • waste management/ waste water management
  • ecosystem rehabilitation
SLM measures
  • agronomic measures - A2: Organic matter/ soil fertility, A4: Subsurface treatment
  • vegetative measures - V1: Tree and shrub cover
  • structural measures - S11: Others
  • management measures - M6: Waste management (recycling, re-use or reduce), M7: Others
  • other measures - addition of organic matter, new soil aggregates, increase water holding capacity

Technical drawing

Technical specifications
Reconstituted technology: phases of work:
1) Loading: After the chemico-physico-environmental and rheological characterization of matrices I and II, the materials are selected and dosed
2) Mixing: The matrices undergo mechanical mixing under controlled humidity
3) Disaggregation through rotating movements at variable power
4) Reconstitution: Specifically calibrated cyclic compression and formation of reconstituted soil aggregates.
Author: Paolo Manfredi

Establishment and maintenance: activities, inputs and costs

Calculation of inputs and costs
  • Costs are calculated: per Technology area (size and area unit: 10 hectares)
  • Currency used for cost calculation: EUR
  • Exchange rate (to USD): 1 USD = 0.89 EUR
  • Average wage cost of hired labour per day: 123.00, gross income
Most important factors affecting the costs
The most important factor affecting costs could be the transport of degraded soil or matrices I to be used to the restoration site in the case of soil sealed
Establishment activities
  1. characterization of the intervention site (Timing/ frequency: no timing)
  2. morphological planning (Timing/ frequency: no timing)
  3. environmental planning (Timing/ frequency: no timing)
  4. pedo-agronomic planning (Timing/ frequency: no timing)
  5. moving-plant placement only if the area to be restored is distant from the area where the permanent plant is located (Timing/ frequency: no timing)
  6. degraded soil removal and collect (Timing/ frequency: after harvest of crops, if there are)
  7. reconstitution (Timing/ frequency: no timing)
  8. replacement of reconstituted soil (Timing/ frequency: no timing)
  9. final soil placement (Timing/ frequency: no timing)
  10. site-specific planting to make soil ready for use (Timing/ frequency: dependence of plants species)
  11. land use (Timing/ frequency: no timing)
Establishment inputs and costs (per 10 hectares)
Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit (EUR) Total costs per input (EUR) % of costs borne by land users
Labour
3 Workers person/day 232.0 123.0 28536.0 100.0
Equipment
Construction area - mobile plant number 1.0 30000.0 30000.0 100.0
Earth moving vehicles number 2.0 20000.0 40000.0 100.0
Other
Matrices to be used m3 75000.0 15.0 1125000.0
Reconstitution m3 100000.0 2.5 250000.0 100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 1'473'536.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 1'655'658.43
Maintenance activities
  1. Ordinary plant maintenance (Timing/ frequency: every 6 months or when needed)
  2. Reconstituted soil analysis (Timing/ frequency: every 6 months)
Maintenance inputs and costs (per 10 hectares)
Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit (EUR) Total costs per input (EUR) % of costs borne by land users
Labour
1 Worker person/day 20.0 123.0 2460.0 100.0
3 Laboratory staff person/day 100.0 115.0 11500.0 100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 13'960.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD 15'685.39

Natural environment

Average annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
  • humid
  • sub-humid
  • semi-arid
  • arid
Specifications on climate
Average annual rainfall in mm: 891.02
May: average monthly regionally anomaly +230% (heavy rains); October: heavy rains
February 2023 is the month with less rain 27.6 mm; in May is the rainiest 250.7 mm
Name of the meteorological station: Bulletin ARPAE 2023
mean annual temperature 14.4 °C Bulletin ARPAE 2023
Slope
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitude
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Technology is applied in
  • convex situations
  • concave situations
  • not relevant
Soil depth
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface)
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
  • fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter content
  • high (>3%)
  • medium (1-3%)
  • low (<1%)
Groundwater table
  • on surface
  • < 5 m
  • 5-50 m
  • > 50 m
Availability of surface water
  • excess
  • good
  • medium
  • poor/ none
Water quality (untreated)
  • good drinking water
  • poor drinking water (treatment required)
  • for agricultural use only (irrigation)
  • unusable
Water quality refers to: ground water
Is salinity a problem?
  • Yes
  • No

Occurrence of flooding
  • Yes
  • No
Species diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low
Habitat diversity
  • high
  • medium
  • low

Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation
  • subsistence (self-supply)
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
  • commercial/ market
Off-farm income
  • less than 10% of all income
  • 10-50% of all income
  • > 50% of all income
Relative level of wealth
  • very poor
  • poor
  • average
  • rich
  • very rich
Level of mechanization
  • manual work
  • animal traction
  • mechanized/ motorized
Sedentary or nomadic
  • Sedentary
  • Semi-nomadic
  • Nomadic
Individuals or groups
  • individual/ household
  • groups/ community
  • cooperative
  • employee (company, government)
Gender
  • women
  • men
Age
  • children
  • youth
  • middle-aged
  • elderly
Area used per household
  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Scale
  • small-scale
  • medium-scale
  • large-scale
Land ownership
  • state
  • company
  • communal/ village
  • group
  • individual, not titled
  • individual, titled
Land use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
Water use rights
  • open access (unorganized)
  • communal (organized)
  • leased
  • individual
Access to services and infrastructure
health

poor
x
good
education

poor
x
good
technical assistance

poor
x
good
employment (e.g. off-farm)

poor
x
good
markets

poor
x
good
energy

poor
x
good
roads and transport

poor
x
good
drinking water and sanitation

poor
x
good
financial services

poor
x
good

Impacts

Socio-economic impacts
Crop production
decreased
x
increased

Quantity before SLM: 60%
Quantity after SLM: 100%
increasing from 60% to 100%; in field trials, comparing low fertility soils and reconstituted soils, we tested that maize and wheat yields increased in reconstituted soils also using less fertilizers and water
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKrAG6jrqXA

crop quality
decreased
x
increased

Quantity before SLM: 70%
Quantity after SLM: 95%
increasing from 70% to 100%; in field trials, comparing low fertility soils and reconstituted soils, we tested that wheat quality. in terms of proteins, increased in reconstituted soils

fodder production
decreased
x
increased

Quantity before SLM: 65%
Quantity after SLM: 100%
these increment are estimation

risk of production failure
increased
x
decreased

Quantity before SLM: 40%
Quantity after SLM: 0
decreasing from 40% to 0: this decreasing is an estimation, it's quite impossible a production failure using reconstituted soils because of their high fertility
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0II3SGNhKo

land management
hindered
x
simplified

Quantity before SLM: 40
Quantity after SLM: 100
simplified from 40% to 100%; because of the physical properties of reconstituted soils; because of the high organic carbon content and the mechanical treatment there is for example a reduction of soil crusting index in clay silty soils, reduction of soil compaction and soil skeleton
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ld8YzGcx6Qw

expenses on agricultural inputs
increased
x
decreased

Quantity before SLM: 60%
Quantity after SLM: 10%
decreasing from 60% to 10%; in field trials, comparing low fertility soils and reconstituted soils, we tested that maize and wheat yields increased in reconstituted soils also using less fertilizers and water

farm income
decreased
x
increased

Quantity before SLM: 60%
Quantity after SLM: 100%
increasing from 60% to 100%; in field trials, comparing low fertility soils and reconstituted soils, we tested that maize and wheat yields increased in reconstituted soils and so also farm income increases

Socio-cultural impacts
food security/ self-sufficiency
reduced
x
improved

Quantity before SLM: 60%
Quantity after SLM: 100%
increasing from 60% to 100%; because of it's quite impossible a production failure using reconstituted soils because of their high fertility

cultural opportunities (eg spiritual, aesthetic, others)
reduced
x
improved

Quantity before SLM: 10%
Quantity after SLM: 100%
increasing from 10% to 100%; in a EU project (New Life) we tested that as a consequence the agroforestry restoration with reconstitution, the area of Park of Trebbia river has increased its social usability
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJ8gFmV1Onc

recreational opportunities
reduced
x
improved

Quantity before SLM: 10%
Quantity after SLM: 100%
increasing from 10% to 100%; in the EU project (New Life) we tested that as a consequence the agroforestry restoration with reconstitution, the area of Park of Trebbia river has increased its social usability

Ecological impacts
surface runoff
increased
x
decreased

Quantity before SLM: 40%
Quantity after SLM: 15%
decreasing from 40% to 15%, this is an estimation considering physical properties of reconstituted soils for example a reduction of soil crusting index in clay silty soils, reduction of soil compaction and soil skeleton
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMazUuMaa6o

excess water drainage
reduced
x
improved

Quantity before SLM: 40%
Quantity after SLM: 10%
decreasing from 40% to 10%; some laboratory tests demonstrated that reconstitution improves soils permeability
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/oDhW-YlBjHA

soil moisture
decreased
x
increased

Quantity before SLM: 40%
Quantity after SLM: 100%
increasing from 40% to 100%; analyzing the water retention curves in many experimentation sites and comparing them with degraded soils, reconstituted soils has demonstrated to have better water holding capacity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yqtl4-xYMeo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qy_B3oCyIAM

soil cover
reduced
x
improved

Quantity before SLM: 20%
Quantity after SLM: 100%
increasing from 20% to 100%; in the EU project (New Life) after reconstituted soils replacement a lot of diversified herbaceous species were sprouted naturally

soil loss
increased
x
decreased

Quantity before SLM: 50%
Quantity after SLM: 10%
decreasing from 50% to 10%; this is an estimation considering physical properties of reconstituted soils as soil stability index
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1GhoyIy4sk

soil crusting/ sealing
increased
x
reduced

Quantity before SLM: 50%
Quantity after SLM: 0%
decreasing from 50% to 0%; we tested a reduction of soil crusting index in clay silty soils
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPQRoaYmrIQ

soil compaction
increased
x
reduced

Quantity before SLM: 50%
Quantity after SLM: 100%
decreasing from 50% to 100%; because of the high organic carbon content and the mechanical treatment there is for example a reduction of soil compaction in reconstituted soils

nutrient cycling/ recharge
decreased
x
increased

Quantity before SLM: 60%
Quantity after SLM: 100%
increasing from 60% to 100%; the high chemical fertility of reconstituted soils has been demonstrated in a lot of field tests

soil organic matter/ below ground C
decreased
x
increased

Quantity before SLM: 10%
Quantity after SLM: 80%
increasing from 10% to 80%; reconstituted soils has high organic carbon with a high C/N ratio; the SOC/clay is optimal

vegetation cover
decreased
x
increased

Quantity before SLM: 20%
Quantity after SLM: 100%
increasing from 20% to 100% in the EU project (New Life) after reconstituted soils replacement a lot of diversified herbaceous species sprouted naturally
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFnUsjYLwfw

biomass/ above ground C
decreased
x
increased

Quantity before SLM: 20%
Quantity after SLM: 100%
increasing from 20% to 100%; in the EU project (New Life) after reconstituted soils replacement a lot of diversified herbaceous species sprouted naturally

plant diversity
decreased
x
increased

Quantity before SLM: 20%
Quantity after SLM: 100%
increasing from 20% to 100%; in the EU project (New Life) after reconstituted soils replacement a lot of diversified herbaceous species sprouted naturally

beneficial species (predators, earthworms, pollinators)
decreased
x
increased

Quantity before SLM: 20%
Quantity after SLM: 80%
increasing from 20% to 80%; in the EU project (New Life) after we planted over than 3,000 trees and shrubs of 16 indigenous species we recreated an ecological niche
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Q8tqJNai3o

habitat diversity
decreased
x
increased

Quantity before SLM: 10%
Quantity after SLM: 80%
increasing from 20% to 80%; in the EU project (New Life) after we planted over than 3,000 trees and shrubs of 16 indigenous species we recreated an ecological niche

flood impacts
increased
x
decreased

Quantity before SLM: 40%
Quantity after SLM: 10%
decreasing from 40% to 10%; because of high water holding capacity, high permeability, physical reconstituted soil properties

drought impacts
increased
x
decreased

Quantity before SLM: 40%
Quantity after SLM: 0%
decreasing from 40% to 0%; because of high water holding capacity, high permeability, phisical reconstituted soil properties

emission of carbon and greenhouse gases
increased
x
decreased

Quantity before SLM: 40
Quantity after SLM: 10%
decreasing from 40% to 10%; this is an estimation considering reconstituted soils microbial activity (tests about biological fertility), soil water content (humidity), soil temperature, nutrient availability and pH-value
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ag5wzRVFg9s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Anetp8gKaQg

Off-site impacts
buffering/ filtering capacity (by soil, vegetation, wetlands)
reduced
x
improved

Quantity before SLM: 20%
Quantity after SLM: 50%
increasing from 20% to 50%; because of the CaCO3 content of some matrices II

wind transported sediments
increased
x
reduced

Quantity before SLM: 50%
Quantity after SLM: 10%
decreasing from 50% to 10%; this is an estimation considering physical properties of reconstituted soils

Cost-benefit analysis

Benefits compared with establishment costs
Short-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Long-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Benefits compared with maintenance costs
Short-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

Long-term returns
very negative
x
very positive

The recycle of suitable waste materials used defrays the reconstitution technology in short and long term

Climate change

Gradual climate change
seasonal rainfall decrease

not well at all
x
very well
Season: wet/ rainy season
Climate-related extremes (disasters)
local rainstorm

not well at all
x
very well
extreme winter conditions

not well at all
x
very well

Adoption and adaptation

Percentage of land users in the area who have adopted the Technology
  • single cases/ experimental
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have done so without receiving material incentives?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
  • Yes
  • No
To which changing conditions?
  • climatic change/ extremes
  • changing markets
  • labour availability (e.g. due to migration)
  • the Technology is partly modified to face every restoration project
design, matrices to be used

Conclusions and lessons learnt

Strengths: land user's view
  • Strengths: to change soil class in Land Capability Classification, to improve soil workability, to create new soil aggregates (the organic matter is covered by fine soil mineral fractions)
  • Advantages: to increase soil fertility, to implement Circular Economy
  • Opportunities: to create a non-renewable resource (soil) and/or to restore it, to implement Circular Economy
Strengths: compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
  • Strengths: to produce the suitable soil for the environment where it will be placed
  • Advantages: to reduce the use of fertilizers
  • Opportunities: to restore soil using suitable waste, Circular Economy
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: land user's viewhow to overcome
  • Weaknesses: restoration of soil in very steep slope studies about the physical behavior of reconstituted soil in steep slope
  • Disadvantages: demand exceed supply, concerning current number of workers employed in the reconstituted plant formation of new workers
  • Risks: crisis of industries producing suitable waste non-stop search for suitable waste to use
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks: compiler’s or other key resource person’s viewhow to overcome
  • Weaknesses: restoration of soil in very steep slope studies about the physical behavior of reconstituted soil in steep slope
  • Disadvantages: contamined soils studies about possibility of using reconstitution to clean soils
  • Risks: the pedotechniques include all the anthropic activities that determine a growing influence of man on pedogenesis and pedolandscapes; they have to satisfy man needs while avoiding any undesirable environmental consequences (Dazzi et al., 2010).
    This is the main core of reconstitution of soils, but sometimes, the use of waste material, even if, environmental suitable, isn't understood because of waste are considered materials only for disposal. Dissemination concerning the laboratory analysis before the waste use, studies and research projects with University to test environmental suitability of reconstituted soils

References

Compiler
  • Chiara Cassinari
Editors
Reviewer
  • William Critchley
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
Date of documentation: Oct. 9, 2024
Last update: March 14, 2025
Resource persons
Full description in the WOCAT database
Linked SLM data
Documentation was faciliated by
Institution Project
Key references
  • The reconstitution pedotechnique: Applications, Manfredi P., Cassinari C., Trevisan M., 10.1016/j.eti.2021.102246: Scientific Journal
  • The reconstitution: environmental restoration assessment by means of LCC and FCC, 10.6092/issn.2281-4485/8500: Scientific Journal
  • Trees and shrubs monitoring using an ecological approach: the conclusion of the restoration project of Borgotrebbia landfill (Northern Italy), Manfredi P., Cassinari C., Meloni F., Stragliati L., Trevisan M., Giupponi L., 10.31031/EAES.2019.06.000635: Scientific Journal
  • A new technology to restore soil fertility: Reconstitution, Manfredi P., Cassinari C., Francaviglia R., Trevisan M., 10.12871/00021857201933: Scientific Journal
  • Growth and yield response of tomato (Solarium lycopersicum L.) to soil reconstitution technology, Manfredi P., Cassinari C., Gatti M., Trevisan M., 10.12871/00021857201916: Scientific Journal
  • Test on the effects of reconstituted soil on emergency speed and root growth in maize, Manfredi P., Cassinari C., Salvi R., Battaglia R., Marocco A., Trevisan M., 10.1515/contagri-2018-0035: Scientific Journal
  • Osservazione di Lycogala terrestre Fr. e Stemonitis axifera (Bull.) T. Macr. su suoli ricostituiti sabbiosi, Manfredi P., Salvi R., Bersan M., Cassinari C., Marocco A., Trevisan M.: Scientific Journal
  • Relationship between hydraulic properties and plant coverage of the closed-landfill soils in Piacenza (Po Valley, Italy), Cassinari C., Manfredi P., Giupponi L., Trevisan M., Piccini C., 10.5194/se-6-929-2015: Scientific Journal
  • Soil temperature fluctuations in a degraded and in a reconstituted soil, Manfredi P., Cassinari C., Trevisan M., ISBN 20385625: Scientific Journal
  • Confronto tra dati produttivi di mais coltivato su terre ricostituite e terre naturali, Manfredi P., Tassi D., Cassinari C.: Scientific Journal
Links to relevant information which is available online
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International