1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

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1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

28/04/2011

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Growing crops in solar greenhouses to support a year round crop yield.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Solar greenhouses can be used all year round irrespective of weather conditions, especially in the winter period, when farmers are able to grow vegetables by using natural heat energy. The greenhouses provide a good growing environment as they are insulated and make use of passive solar energy.
This solar greenhouse has three walls which reflect the sun's rays and accumulate heat. The front wall is heat-insulated. Two walls are black and one is white.

Purpose of the Technology: Protect plants from spring and autumn cold spells, including frosts. Extending the natural growing season.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Selection of the structure of greenhouse, selection of crops, effective ventilation and watering, use of agrotechnology, pest and disease control. Soil control: regeneration, disinfection, mulching, biohumus and drip irrigation in greenhouses.

Natural / human environment: This type of greenhouse can be used for many years in extreme climate conditions, saline soils, unpredictable weather (frosts) and with lack of water resources.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation
• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

The first experimental greenhouse was established in 2005 with the use of sketches downloaded from the Internet. Farmers have adapted the technology and introduced a series of innovations to this tehnology, including spray irrigation and a more effective design.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil salinity, lack of water, climate change

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Intensive land use type and getting early yield

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

Constraints of settlement / urban

If land use has changed due to the implementation of the Technology, indicate land use before implementation of the Technology:

Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• mixed rainfed-irrigated

Comments:

Water supply also, full irrigation

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 2

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 150Longest growing period from month to month: December - AprilSecond longest growing period in days: 180Second longest growing period from month to month: March - August

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• greenhouses

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, management measures

Type of agronomic measures: early planting, relay cropping, mulching, manure / compost / residues, rotations / fallows, breaking compacted topsoil, non-inversion tillage

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil, Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Main causes of degradation: change in temperature (Adaptation to climate change), droughts (Water saving in case of droughts), poverty / wealth (Income from greenhouse), labour availability

Secondary causes of degradation: soil management

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

Comments:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

The drawing shows the scheme of the greenhouse. This greenhouse differs from other greenhouses as it has three specific walls. Each wall is directed towards the sun. The major heat-saving wall is black. Other walls are of white to reflect rays. The roof is covered with polyethylene film.

Location: South of Tajikistan. Nosiri Husrav region

Date: 2011.05.05

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Basic knowledge of agrotechnology is needed)

Main technical functions: Artificial soil conservation

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), water harvesting / increase water supply, increase of biomass (quantity)

Early planting
Remarks: almost all the year round

Relay cropping
Remarks: 3-4 times a year

Rotations / fallows
Remarks: once every 3 years

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: O : other
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.7

Change of land use type

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• US Dollars

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	disease control	Vegetative
2.	growing seedlings in flowerpots	Vegetative
3.	planting seedlings	Vegetative
4.	watering, agro-maintenance	Vegetative
5.	disease control	Vegetative
6.	vertical tying	Vegetative
7.	Training for farmers	Management	periodically
8.	борьба с заболеваниями
9.	вертикальная подвязка
10.	обучение фермеров		периодически

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Growing of seedlings	Persons/day	100.0	5.0	500.0	50.0
Labour	Diseas control	Greenhouses	10.0	20.0	200.0	50.0
Labour	Training for farmers	Trainings	1.0	100.0	100.0	50.0
Labour	Planting/Watering/Building Greenhouse	Greenhouses	10.0	130.0	1300.0
Plant material	Seeds	Greenhouses	10.0	50.0	500.0	50.0
Plant material	Compost manure	Greenhouses	10.0	20.0	200.0	50.0
Plant material	Pesticides	Greenhouses	10.0	20.0	200.0	50.0
Construction material	Material	Greenhouse	10.0	100.0	1000.0	50.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					4000.0

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Ventilation, watering, temperature regime	Agronomic	constantly
2.	Change of soil, improvement of soil fertility	Agronomic	every 3 years
3.	Disease control	Agronomic	seasonal

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Vetilation/Watering/change of Soil/disease control	Greenhouses	10.0	200.0	2000.0	50.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					2000.0

Comments:

Machinery/ tools: water collecting equipment, sprayers

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Labour - voluntary contribution

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility is low-medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is low

5.4 Water availability and quality

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2


Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• communal/ village
• individual, not titled

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)
• leased

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	Type of climatic change/ extreme	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	not well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	not known
local windstorm	not known

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	not well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	well
Temperature decrease	well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• more than 50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

15 households in an area of <10 ha

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

Comments:

100% семей землепользователей применяют эту технологию без дополнительной материальной поддержки

15 семей землепользователей применяют эту технологию без дополнительной материальной поддержки

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Short-term positive effect, able to grow vegetables in winter in harsh weather conditions How can they be sustained / enhanced? Have a lif span of for 5-10 years
Protection from climate change
Long-term technology for adaptation to climate change How can they be sustained / enhanced? Can be used for production of vegetables despite lack of water resources, and changes in outside temperature

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Cost intensive construction and materials	Compromise between cost and effectiveness
Greenhouses are used for growing vegetables	Another technology is being developed

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

www.ecocentre.tj