Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:

• 10-100 km2

{'is_geometry': True, 'configuration': 'technologies', 'additional_translations': {}, 'key': 'Map', 'value': '{"type":"FeatureCollection","features":[{"type":"Feature","id":1560329845675,"geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.216495,14.251922000000008]},"properties":null}]}', 'questionnaire_object': <Questionnaire: {"qg_name": [{"name": {"en": "Grass strips", "fr": "Bandes enherb\u00e9es"}, "name_local": {"en": "Bandes enherb\u00e9es (French)", "fr": "Bandes enherb\u00e9es (French)"}}], "qg_photos": [{"image": "9150bd0b-574a-48f7-bbe2-121935d1f252", "image_caption": {"en": "Grass strips", "fr": "Grass strips"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "PASP, NIger", "fr": "PASP, NIger"}}, {"image": "49b707fb-fc31-47e0-a876-5990aa6d50ef", "image_photographer": {"en": "PASP, NIger", "fr": "PASP, NIger"}}], "tech_qg_1": [{"tech_definition": {"en": "Grass strips slow down runoff, increase infiltration and retain sediment, thus increasing crop production.", "fr": "Les bandes enherb\u00e9es freinent le ruissellement de l\u2019eau, augmentent l\u2019infiltration et aident \u00e0 retenir les s\u00e9diments et ainsi \u00e0 augmenter la production."}}], "tech_qg_2": [{"tech_description": {"en": "Grass strips measuring 0.80 m to 1 m wide are planted 20 to 80 m apart on low-gradient terrain. Local grasses (for example, Andropogon gayanus, Cymbopogon schoenateus and Vetivera nigritiana) are sown or planted (plantlets) at the start of the rainy season. Like stone bunds, grass strips are planted along the natural contour of the land to slow down runoff, increase infiltration and retain sediment. Grass strips get bigger as sediment builds up, which maintains their capacity to retain water, unlike mechanical structures (stone bunds and dikes).\r\nThe species of grass are chosen according to what the farmers want to use them for (straw, hay, mat weaving, roofing, construction of straw granaries, brooms, etc.). In cattle and sheep raising areas, the use of fodder plants can increase interest in this technique and ensure wider acceptance. It is recommended that the development of grass strips be combined with assisted natural regeneration (woody species) or the planting of trees.\r\n\r\nDesigned as an erosion control measure, grass strips slow down runoff in the event of heavy rain. They distribute rainwater more evenly over the land and improve infiltration which is particularly important when there are dry spells in the rainy season. Sediment builds up behind the grass strips, thereby reducing the erosion of fertile soil layers. The roots of the plants bind the soil and hold it in place. Although the vegetation growing in the strips competes with the crops to some extent for water, the overall effect on yields is positive. Crops are also protected from wind erosion. Thanks to the vegetation cover they provide, grass strips contribute to lowering soil temperature. \r\nLike contour stone bunds, grass strips reduce the harmful effects of heavy rain and violent downpours, events that are expected to increase as a result of climate change.\r\nCompared with plots without grass strips, millet yields were 50 kg per hectare per year higher, and straw yields 125 kg higher on plots with grass strips. Yields can be substantially improved by combining grass strips with the application of organic fertiliser, mulch or pen manure. The best results, an average increase of 280 kg of millet grain per hectare (370 kg of straw per hectare), were achieved by combining them with mulching and pen manuring. Grass strips therefore improve yields of cereals and forage for livestock (straw and grass growing on the strips).\r\nIncreased crop output increases household food security and improves livestock feeding. The straw cut on the grass strips can also be used for other purposes (fencing and roofing). It is also a source of income, as traditional products made with straw, such as woven mats, can be sold.\r\n\r\nGrass growth tends to be patchy, and resowing is required several times to fill in the gaps in the strip. In order to protect the grass strips from grazing animals during the first year, it is recommended that the area be monitored, which requires strict control over the village herds and flocks and those of nomadic livestock keepers.\r\nSome grasses tend to invade crop fields. It is therefore important to control them by cutting them down before they flower and to tend the strips regularly, straightening and cutting back the edges.\r\nAny dead plants in the grass strips must be regularly replaced. Grass strips are more likely to be maintained if they are economically profitable, for example, if they produce hay for livestock or their output can be sold as forage or construction material.\r\n\r\nIt is a technique designed mainly for cropland, but can also be used on rangeland, provided that the plants are protected when the grass strips are put in place. Grass strips are suitable for areas in the Sahel and the Sudan with rainfall ranging between 400 and 1,000 mm/year and gently sloping terrain (< 2%). Ecological units that benefit from the implementation of this measure include dune land, pediments and plains (highland pediments). Grass strips are particularly appropriate for non-stony land in areas with higher rainfall levels.", "fr": "Sur des terrains \u00e0 faible pente, des bandes enherb\u00e9es d\u2019une largeur de 0,80 m \u00e0 1 m sont \u00e9tablies avec un \u00e9cartement de 20 \u00e0 80 m. Des herbac\u00e9es locales (p.ex. Andropogon gayanus, Cymbopogon schoenateus, Vetivera nigritiana) sont sem\u00e9es ou des souches (plantules) sont plant\u00e9es au d\u00e9but de la saison humide. Comme les cordons pierreux, les bandes enherb\u00e9es sont implant\u00e9es le long des courbes de niveau pour freiner les eaux de ruissellement, augmenter l\u2019infiltration et retenir les s\u00e9diments. Les bandes enherb\u00e9es grandissent avec la s\u00e9dimentation, ce qui maintient l\u2019effet de r\u00e9tention d\u2019eau contrairement aux ouvrages m\u00e9caniques (cordons, diguettes).\r\nLe choix des herbes se fait en fonction des utilisations recherch\u00e9es par les paysans (pailles, foins, confection des nattes, toitures des cases, construction de greniers en paille, balais etc.). Dans les zones d\u2019embouche bovine et ovine, la v\u00e9g\u00e9talisation des bandes en plantes fourrag\u00e8res peut augmenter l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat et l\u2019acceptation de la mesure. Il est recommand\u00e9 de combiner les bandes enherb\u00e9es avec la r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration naturelle assist\u00e9e en ligneux ou avec des arbres plant\u00e9s.\r\n\r\nCon\u00e7ue comme mesure anti\u00e9rosive, les bandes enherb\u00e9es freinent le ruissellement de l\u2019eau lors des fortes pluies. Elles favorisent une meilleure r\u00e9partition de l\u2019eau pluviale sur le terrain et son infiltration. Les bandes enherb\u00e9es contribuent \u00e0 une s\u00e9dimentation en amont des bandes et diminuent ainsi l\u2019\u00e9rosion des couches fertiles du sol. Les racines des herbac\u00e9es fixent la terre. Malgr\u00e9 une certaine comp\u00e9tition pour l\u2019eau entre la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation des bandes et les plantes de culture, l\u2019effet positif sur le rendement domine. En m\u00eame temps, les cultures sont prot\u00e9g\u00e9es contre l\u2019\u00e9rosion \u00e9olienne. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation, les bandes enherb\u00e9es contribuent \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la temp\u00e9rature du sol.\r\nComme les cordons pierreux, les bandes enherb\u00e9es diminuent aussi les effets n\u00e9fastes des pluies fortes ou violentes, ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes qui devraient s\u2019accentuer avec le changement climatique. Le rendement des superficies am\u00e9nag\u00e9es en bandes enherb\u00e9es (pure) a augment\u00e9 de 50 kg par hectare et par an pour le mil et de 125 kg pour la paille en comparaison avec des parcelles non trait\u00e9es. Les rendements peuvent \u00eatre consid\u00e9rablement accrus gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la combinaison des bandes enherb\u00e9es avec fumier, paillage et parcage d\u2019animaux. Les meilleurs r\u00e9sultats avec une augmentation moyenne de 280 kg de mil par hectare (et de 370 kg de paille/ha) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 obtenus avec la combinaison du paillage et du parcage. Les bandes enherb\u00e9es am\u00e9liorent donc les rendements c\u00e9r\u00e9aliers et fourragers pour les animaux (paille plus herbes sur les bandes).\r\nL\u2019augmentation de la production am\u00e9liore la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire et l\u2019alimentation du b\u00e9tail. La paille r\u00e9colt\u00e9e sur les bandes enherb\u00e9es sert \u00e0 d\u2019autres fins (cl\u00f4tures, toitures) et permet des recettes gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la vente des produits traditionnels comme des nattes.\r\n\r\nLa lev\u00e9e des herbac\u00e9es n\u2019est jamais uniforme, d\u2019o\u00f9 le probl\u00e8me des bandes trou\u00e9es dans lesquelles il faut semer \u00e0 plusieurs reprises. Pour prot\u00e9ger les bandes enherb\u00e9es du broutage des animaux lors de la premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9e, une surveillance du site est recommand\u00e9e, ce qui exige une gestion rigoureuse des troupeaux des villages et/ou ceux de passage. Certaines herbac\u00e9es tendent \u00e0 envahir les champs, ce qui impose le fauchage avant la fleuraison et un labour r\u00e9gulier des c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la bande pour la redresser et la d\u00e9limiter. Les bandes enherb\u00e9es n\u00e9cessitent un remplacement r\u00e9gulier des plants morts. Elles ont plus de chance d\u2019\u00eatre entretenues lorsqu\u2019elles pr\u00e9sentent un int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e9conomique, par exemple si elles produisent du foin pour le b\u00e9tail ou leur production peut \u00eatre vendue comme fourrage ou mat\u00e9riel de construction.\r\n\r\nC\u2019est une technique con\u00e7ue surtout pour les terres \u00e0 vocation agricole mais aussi appliqu\u00e9e pour des zones pastorales si les plates sont prot\u00e9g\u00e9es au moment de leur \u00e9tablissement. Les bandes enherb\u00e9es sont indiqu\u00e9es en zones sah\u00e9liennes et soudaniennes dans une fourchette de pluviom\u00e9trie de 400 \u00e0 1000 mm/an sur les terrains \u00e0 pente < 2%. Les unit\u00e9s \u00e9cologiques suivantes se pr\u00eatent \u00e0 cette mesure : terres dunaires, glacis, plaines (hauts glacis). Les bandes enherb\u00e9es conviennent surtout pour les zones non caillouteuses \u00e0 pluviom\u00e9trie plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e."}}], "tech_qg_4": [{"tech_spread_area": "tech_spread_10_100", "tech_spread_tech": "tech_spread_evenly"}], "tech_qg_5": [{"tech_who_implemented": ["implementation_externally"], "tech_who_implemented_comments": {"en": "developed, implemented and disseminated as part of projects and programmes undertaken from the 1980s onwards to combat desertification and improve natural resource management. Implemented by GIZ (German Federal Enterprise for International Cooperation), PDRT (Projet de d\u00e9veloppement rural de Tahoua - Tahoua Rural Development Project), PASP (Projet de protection int\u00e9gr\u00e9e des ressources agro-sylvo-pastorales Tillab\u00e9ri-Nord - Project for the Integrated Protection of Agricultural, Forest and Rangeland Resources in Tillab\u00e9ri-Nord), and PATECORE (project for land development and resource conservation in Plateau Central Burkina Faso)", "fr": "La technologie a \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9e par des projets multiples dans des nombreux pays semi-arides. La Coop\u00e9ration Allemande a utilis\u00e9 les banquettes depuis les ann\u00e9es 1980 pour lutter contre la d\u00e9sertification et pour am\u00e9liorer les ressources naturelles p.e. PDRT (Projet de d\u00e9veloppement rural de Tahoua), PASP (Projet de protection int\u00e9gr\u00e9e des ressources agro-sylvo-pastorales Tillab\u00e9ri-Nord) et plusieurs autres projets de GIZ/KfW et des bailleurs multiples."}}], "tech_qg_6": [{"tech_main_purpose": ["main_purpose_degradation"]}], "tech_qg_7": [{"tech_lu_comments": {"en": "Major land use problems (compiler\u2019s opinion): soil erosion by water and wind, fertility decline\r\n\r\nLivestock density: 1-10 LU /km2", "fr": "Probl\u00e8mes: \u00e9rosion hydrique et \u00e9olienne, r\u00e9duction de la fertilit\u00e9\r\n\r\nDensit\u00e9 d'\u00e9levage/ chargement: 1-10 LU /km2"}}], "tech_qg_8": [{"tech_measures": ["tech_measures_vegetative"]}], "tech_qg_9": [{"tech_landuse_2018": ["tech_lu_cropland", "tech_lu_grazingland"]}], "qg_sources": [{"sources_used": ["source_field", "source_interviews_landusers"]}], "tech_qg_10": [{"tech_growing_seasons": "growing_season_1", "tech_lu_cropland_sub": ["lu_cropland_ca"], "tech_growing_seasons_specify": {"en": "Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: August to October", "fr": "120 jours, Ao\u00fbt - Octobre"}}], "tech_qg_11": [{"tech_lu_grazingland_extensive": ["tech_lu_grazingland_pastoralism"], "tech_lu_grazingland_intensive": ["tech_lu_grazingland_zerograzing"]}], "tech_qg_19": [{"tech_watersupply": "tech_watersupply_rainfed"}], "tech_qg_20": [{"tech_slm_group": ["tech_slm_group_pastoralism", "tech_slm_group_crossslope"]}], "tech_qg_22": [{"tech_measures_vegetative_sub": ["measures_vegetative_v1", "measures_vegetative_v2"]}], "tech_qg_26": [{"tech_measures_comments": {"en": "Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour", "fr": "Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour"}}], "tech_qg_27": [{"tech_degradation": ["degradation_erosion_water", "degradation_erosion_wind", "degradation_chemical", "degradation_water"]}], "tech_qg_28": [{"degradation_erosion_water_sub": ["degradation_wt"]}], "tech_qg_29": [{"degradation_erosion_wind_sub": ["degradation_et"]}], "tech_qg_30": [{"degradation_chemical_sub": ["degradation_cn"]}], "tech_qg_33": [{"degradation_water_sub": ["degradation_ha"]}], "tech_qg_34": [{"degradation_comments": {"en": "Main causes of degradation: soil management (Unadapted landuse methods, reduced or abandoned fallow periods), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Neglect of fallow periods and crop rotation), droughts (due to heat waves), population pressure (rapidly growing population increasing pressure on land), land tenure (insecure access to land and collectively managed communal land), poverty / wealth (very poor population)\r\n\r\nSecondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (deforestation through overgrazing and fire wood collection), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (firewood collection), overgrazing (cattle, sheep and goats), change in temperature (Climate change: heat waves), change of seasonal rainfall (more variable onset of rain), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (more variable and intensive rains), wind storms / dust storms (frequent storms), floods (due to intensive rain storms), labour availability (some migration of men to nearby cities), education, access to knowledge and support services (high level of illiteracy)", "fr": "Causes de d\u00e9gradation: gestion des sols (m\u00e9thodes inadapt\u00e9es d'utilisation des terres, jach\u00e8res abandonn\u00e9es ou r\u00e9duites), gestion des cultures (annuelles, p\u00e9rennes, arbre/buissons) (m\u00e9thodes inadapt\u00e9es d'utilisation des terres, p\u00e9riodes de jach\u00e8re r\u00e9duits), changement des pr\u00e9cipitations saisonni\u00e8res (pluviom\u00e9trie plus variables), s\u00e9cheresses (\u00e0 cause des vagues de chaleurs et de la pluviom\u00e9trie irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re), pression de la population (pression d\u00e9mographique, augmentation de la pression sur les terres), r\u00e9gime foncier (ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la terre), pauvret\u00e9 / sant\u00e9 (population pauvre)\r\n\r\nSecondary causes of degradation: d\u00e9forestation / disparition de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation naturelle (inclus les feux de for\u00eats) (d\u00e9forestation par surp\u00e2turage et coupe de bois), surexploitation de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation pour l\u2019usage domestique (collecte de bois de chauffe), surp\u00e2turage (boeufs, moutons, ch\u00e8vres), changement de temp\u00e9rature (changement climatiques, vagues de chaleur), fort / extr\u00eame niveau de pr\u00e9cipitation (intensit\u00e9 et quantit\u00e9) (pluies plus variables et intenses), temp\u00eates de vent / de poussi\u00e8re (temp\u00eates plus fr\u00e9quentes), inondations (\u00e0 cause des pluies intenses), disponibilit\u00e9 de la main d\u2019oeuvre (certaien migration des hommes vers les villes), \u00e9ducation, acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la connaissance et aux conseils (taux \u00e9lev\u00e9 d'analphab\u00e8tes)"}}], "tech_qg_35": [{"tech_prevention": ["intervention_prevent_ld", "intervention_reduce_ld"]}], "tech_qg_36": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "fr": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 46.7, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "labour", "fr": "main d'oevre"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 46.7, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_38": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "fr": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 3.3, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "seeds", "fr": "s\u00e9mences"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 3.3, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_43": [{"tech_maint_activity": {"en": "resowing is required several times. Any dead plants in the grass strips must be regularly replaced.", "fr": "il faut semer \u00e0 plusieurs reprises. Les bandes enherb\u00e9es n\u00e9cessitent un remplacement r\u00e9gulier des plants morts"}}, {"tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Cutting down grasses which invade crop fields.", "fr": "Certaines herbac\u00e9es tendent \u00e0 envahir les champs, ce qui impose le fauchage avant la fleuraison"}}, {"tech_maint_activity": {"en": "straightening and cutting back the edges", "fr": "labour r\u00e9gulier des c\u00f4t\u00e9s de la bande pour la redresser et la d\u00e9limiter"}}], "tech_qg_54": [{"tech_rainfall": ["tech_rainfall_501_750"]}], "tech_qg_55": [{"tech_agroclimatic_zone": ["tech_agroclimatic_zone_semiarid"], "tech_agroclimatic_zone_specifications": {"en": "Thermal climate class: subtropics", "fr": "Thermal climate class: subtropics"}}], "tech_qg_56": [{"tech_slopes": ["tech_slopes_gentle", "tech_slopes_moderate"], "tech_landforms": ["tech_landforms_plateau"], "tech_altitudinalzone": ["tech_altitudinalzone_100_500"]}], "tech_qg_58": [{"tech_soil_depth": ["tech_soil_depth_veryshallow", "tech_soil_depth_shallow"], "tech_topsoil_organic": ["tech_topsoil_organic_low"], "tech_soil_texture_topsoil": ["tech_soil_texture_medium", "tech_soil_texture_fine"]}], "tech_qg_60": [{"tech_groundwater": "tech_groundwater_5_50m", "tech_surfacewater": "tech_surfacewater_medium", "tech_waterquality": "tech_waterquality_agriculturaluse"}], "tech_qg_66": [{"tech_speciesdiversity": "measure_low"}], "tech_qg_71": [{"tech_gender": ["gender_men"], "tech_wealth": ["tech_wealth_verypoor", "tech_wealth_poor"], "tech_mechanisation": ["mechanisation_manual", "mechanisation_animal"], "tech_offfarm_income": ["offfarm_income_10_50"], "tech_market_orientation": ["tech_market_orientation_subsistence"]}], "tech_qg_72": [{"tech_land_size": ["tech_land_size_2_5"], "tech_land_size_relative": ["tech_size_smallscale"]}], "tech_qg_73": [{"tech_ownership": ["tech_ownership_state", "tech_ownership_individualnottitled"], "tech_landuserights": ["tech_userights_openaccess"], "tech_wateruserights": ["tech_userights_openaccess"]}], "tech_qg_75": [{"tech_ownership_comments": {"en": "traditional land use rights prevail. On fields individual land use rights, communal rights on pasture and forest land (collection of wood and other products (fruits, medicinal plants))", "fr": "droits traditionnels d'utilisation des terres, terres communales sur les p\u00e2turages et les terres foresti\u00e8res (collecte du bois et d'autres produits (fruits, plantes m\u00e9dicinales))"}}], "tech_qg_76": [{"tech_impacts_cropproduction": 7}], "tech_qg_77": [{"tech_landuser_comments": {"en": "Population density: 10-50 persons/km2\r\nAnnual population growth: 3% - 4% (mostly poor households below poverty line).\r\nOff-farm income specification: men migrate temporarily or permanently to cities for off-farm income, women and men seasonally carry out paid farm work", "fr": "les hommes migrent temporairement ou d\u00e9finitivement vers les villes"}}], "tech_qg_79": [{"tech_impacts_fodderproduction": 7}], "tech_qg_81": [{"tech_impacts_animalproduction": 6}], "tech_qg_85": [{"tech_impacts_productionfailure": 6}], "tech_qg_87": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "Part of the plot is taken up by the grass strips, reducing the area left for growing crops", "fr": "Part of the plot is taken up by the grass strips, reducing the area left for growing crops"}, "tech_impacts_productionarea": 3}], "tech_qg_95": [{"tech_input_determinate_factors": {"en": "Labour: 6 man-days per ha\r\n\u2022 marking out the contour lines\r\n\u2022 making 10-15 cm deep furrows in which to plant the seeds or seedlings\r\n\u2022 sowing or planting 1 to 4 rows per strip. Upkeep: 2.5 man-days per year.\r\nOther costs:\r\n\u2022 grass seeds or seedlings\r\n\u2022 equipment: water-tube level.", "fr": "Main-d\u2019\u0153uvre : 6 personnes/jour/ha ; Marquage des courbes de niveau ; Creusage de sillons de 10 \u00e0 15 cm de profondeur pour recevoir les semences ou \u00e9clats de souches ; Semis/plantation, de 1 \u00e0 4 lignes par bande Entretien : 2,5 personnes/jour/an. Autres co\u00fbts : Semences ou souches herbac\u00e9es ; Petit mat\u00e9riel : niveau \u00e0 eau."}}], "qg_location": [{"country": "country_NER", "state_province": {"en": "Niger", "fr": "Niger"}, "further_location": {"en": "Filingu\u00e9, Ouallam, Tillab\u00e9ri, Tera", "fr": "Filingu\u00e9, Ouallam, Tillab\u00e9ri, Tera"}}], "tech_qg_104": [{"tech_impacts_farmincome": 6}], "tech_qg_105": [{"tech_impacts_diversityincome": 6}], "tech_qg_107": [{"tech_impacts_workload": 2}], "tech_qg_108": [{"tech_impacts_foodsecurity": 6}], "tech_qg_116": [{"tech_impacts_conflictmitigation": 6}], "tech_qg_120": [{"tech_impacts_harvestingwater": 6}], "tech_qg_121": [{"tech_impacts_surfacerunoff": 7}], "tech_qg_125": [{"tech_impacts_soilmoisture": 6}], "tech_qg_126": [{"tech_impacts_soilcover": 6}], "tech_qg_127": [{"tech_impacts_soilloss": 7}], "tech_qg_131": [{"tech_impacts_nutrientcycling": 6}], "tech_qg_144": [{"tech_impacts_windvelocity": 6}], "tech_qg_147": [{"tech_impacts_downstreamflooding": 6}], "tech_qg_149": [{"tech_impacts_downstreamsiltation": 6}], "tech_qg_152": [{"tech_impacts_windtransportedsediments": 6}], "tech_qg_156": [{"tech_sustainability": 0}], "tech_qg_160": [{"tech_implementation_decades": "implemenation_10_50"}], "tech_qg_164": [{"tech_input_national_currency": {"en": "CFA Franc", "fr": "CFA Franc"}}], "tech_qg_165": [{"tech_est_activity": {"en": "marking out the contour lines", "fr": "Marquage des courbes de niveau"}}, {"tech_est_activity": {"en": "making 10-15 cm deep furrows in which to plant the seeds or seedlings", "fr": "Creusage de sillons de 10 \u00e0 15 cm de profondeur pour recevoir les semences ou \u00e9clats de souches"}}, {"tech_est_activity": {"en": "sowing or planting 1 to 4 rows per strip.", "fr": "Semis/plantation, de 1 \u00e0 4 lignes par bande"}}], "tech_qg_168": [{"tech_exposure_incrdecr": "increase", "tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_179": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_181": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_slightlypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_slightlypositive"}], "tech_qg_182": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_slightlypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_slightlypositive"}], "tech_qg_184": [{"user_id": "2699", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"country": "country_NER", "person_lastname": {"en": "Mamadou Abdou Gaoh", "fr": "Mamadou Abdou Gaoh\t"}, "person_firstname": {"en": "Sani", "fr": "Sani"}, "person_institution_name": {"en": "Programme d\u2019Appui \u00e0 l\u2019agriculture Productive (PROMAP), Niamey, Niger", "fr": "Programme d\u2019Appui \u00e0 l\u2019agriculture Productive (PROMAP), Niamey, Niger"}, "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}], "tech_qg_185": [{"tech_drawing": "639db31c-9a1c-4ee9-9bee-eac3833a8180", "tech_drawing_author": {"en": "PASP", "fr": "PASP"}, "tech_specifications": {"en": "Grass strips measuring 0.80 m to 1 m wide are planted 20 to 80 m apart on low-gradient terrain. Local grasses (for example, Andropogon gayanus, Cymbopogon schoenateus and Vetivera nigritiana) are sown or planted (plantlets) along the natural contour at the start of the rainy season.\r\n\r\nTechnical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate\r\nTechnical knowledge required for land users: low\r\nMain technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,\u2026), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, reduction in wind speed, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)\r\nSecondary technical functions: increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater\r\n\r\nAligned: -contour\r\nVegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass\r\nNumber of plants per (ha): 200\r\nSpacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 20-80\r\nWidth within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.8-1\r\nGrass species: Andropogon gayanus, Cymbopogon schoenateus and Vetivera nigritiana", "fr": "Sur des terrains \u00e0 faible pente, des bandes enherb\u00e9es d\u2019une largeur de 0,80 m \u00e0 1 m sont \u00e9tablies avec un \u00e9cartement de 20 \u00e0 80 m. Des herbac\u00e9es locales (p.ex. Andropogon gayanus, Cymbopogon schoenateus, Vetivera nigritiana) sont sem\u00e9es ou des souches (plantules) sont plant\u00e9es au d\u00e9but de la saison humide.\r\n\r\nTechnical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moyen\r\nTechnical knowledge required for land users: faible\r\nMain technical functions: contr\u00f4le du ruissellement en nappe: r\u00e9tention / capture, contr\u00f4le du ruissellement en nappe: ralentissement / retardement, contr\u00f4le du ruissellement en ravines: r\u00e9tention/capture, contr\u00f4le du ruissellement en ravines: ralentissement/retardement, am\u00e9lioration de la couverture du sol, stabilisation du sol (par ex. par des racines d\u2019arbres contre les glissements de terrain), augmentation de la mati\u00e8re organique, augmentation de la disponibilit\u00e9 des nutriments (r\u00e9serve, recyclage, \u2026), augmentation de l'infiltration, augmentation / maintien de la r\u00e9tention d'eau dans le sol, r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration de l\u2019eau / augmentation des r\u00e9serves d\u2019eau, r\u00e9tention / capture des s\u00e9diments, recueil des s\u00e9diments, r\u00e9duction de la vitesse du vent, augmentation de la biomasse (quantit\u00e9), d\u00e9veloppement des esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales et de la vari\u00e9t\u00e9 (qualit\u00e9, ex: fourrage app\u00e9tent)\r\nSecondary technical functions: augmentation du niveau / recharge de la nappe phr\u00e9atique\r\n\r\nAligned: -contour\r\nVegetative material: G: herbac\u00e9es, T: arbres/ arbustes\r\nNumber of plants per (ha): 200\r\nSpacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 20-80\r\nWidth within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.8-1\r\nGrass species: Andropogon gayanus, Cymbopogon schoenateus and Vetivera nigritiana"}}], "tech_qg_186": [{"tech_impacts_other_measure": 5, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "competition of grasses with crops", "fr": "competition entre herbac\u00e9es et cultures"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "decreased", "fr": "en baisse"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "increased", "fr": "augment\u00e9"}}], "tech_qg_187": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "Increased crop output increases household food security and improves livestock feeding. The straw cut on the grass strips can also be used for other purposes (fencing and roofing). It is also a source of income, as traditional products made with straw, such as woven mats, can be sold.", "fr": "L\u2019augmentation de la production am\u00e9liore la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire et l\u2019alimentation du b\u00e9tail. La paille r\u00e9colt\u00e9e sur les bandes enherb\u00e9es sert \u00e0 d\u2019autres fins (cl\u00f4tures, toitures) et permet des recettes gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la vente des produits traditionnels comme des nattes."}, "tech_impacts_other_measure": 6, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "contribution to human well-being", "fr": "contribution pour le bien-\u00eatre"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "decreased", "fr": "en baisse"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "increased", "fr": "augment\u00e9"}}], "tech_qg_191": [{"tech_adoption_comments": {"en": "In the Tillab\u00e9ri area, in northern Niger, the adoption of grass strips varies greatly from one place to another. After three seasons of promoting this technique, grass strips had been established on a total area of 4,674 hectares (sometimes in combination with other measures). Over half of the improved land is located in the Filingu\u00e9 area (2,587 hectares), followed by Ouallam with 1,042 hectares.\r\nHowever, only small areas were improved with grass strips in Tillab\u00e9ri and Tera (228 hectares and 817 hectares respectively), where acceptance of this technique was low.\r\nIn spite of good results in terms of increased production and soil improvement, grass strips have only been widely accepted in southern Niger (Maradi and Zinder). Farmers are of the view that grass strips could be confused with plot boundaries.\r\nThe availability of land in southern Niger may be another factor that facilitates acceptance of the measure is this area. Part of the plot is taken up by the grass strips, reducing the area left for growing crops. This hinders acceptance in areas where land is limited. The reduced crop-growing area is offset by better per-hectare grain, straw and hay yields. Certain grasses (such as Andropogon gayanus) have a harmful effect on nearby crops. The systematic exploitation of the grass strips as a source of straw or hay improves acceptance of the technique. In the Tillab\u00e9ri area, in Niger, the adoption of grass strips varies greatly from one place to another. After three seasons of promoting this technique, grass strips had been established on a total area of 4,674 hectares (sometimes in combination with other measures). Over half of the improved land is located in the Filingu\u00e9 area (2,587 hectares), followed by Ouallam with 1,042 hectares. However, only small areas were improved with grass strips in Tillab\u00e9ri and Tera (228 hectares and 817 hectares respectively), where acceptance of this technique was low. In spite of good results in terms of increased production and soil improvement, grass strips have only been widely accepted in southern Niger (Maradi and Zinder). Farmers are of the view that grass strips could be confused with plot boundaries. The availability of land in southern Niger may be another factor that facilitates acceptance of the measure is this area. Part of the plot is taken up by the grass strips, reducing the area left for growing crops. This hinders acceptance in areas where land is limited. The reduced crop-growing area is offset by better per-hectare grain, straw and hay yields. Certain grasses (such as Andropogon gayanus) have a harmful effect on nearby crops. The systematic exploitation of the grass strips as a source of straw or hay improves acceptance of the technique. At first, people living in the areas covered by the PDRT project were reluctant to establish grass strips. They considered them to be weeds with no place on their farmland. With time and exchange visits within the country, they began to accept the technique.", "fr": "Dans la r\u00e9gion de Tillab\u00e9ri, dans le nord du Niger, l\u2019adoption des bandes enherb\u00e9es varie fortement d\u2019une zone \u00e0 l\u2019autre. Apr\u00e8s trois campagnes de vulgarisation, une superficie totale de 4 674 hectares a \u00e9t\u00e9 am\u00e9nag\u00e9e en bandes enherb\u00e9es (toutes combinaisons comprises). Plus de la moiti\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 am\u00e9nag\u00e9e dans la zone de Filingu\u00e9 (2 587 ha), suivie par Ouallam avec 1 042 hectares. Par contre, des su- perficies tr\u00e8s restreintes de 228 hectares et de 817 hectares ont \u00e9t\u00e9 am\u00e9nag\u00e9es \u00e0 Tillab\u00e9ri et T\u00e9ra o\u00f9 l\u2019acceptation de la technique a \u00e9t\u00e9 faible. Malgr\u00e9 leurs bons r\u00e9sultats en termes d\u2019accroissement de la production et les effets sur le sol, les bandes enherb\u00e9es n\u2019ont \u00e9t\u00e9 accept\u00e9es \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle que dans le sud du Niger (Maradi, Zinder). Pour les paysans, les bandes enherb\u00e9es peuvent \u00eatre confondues avec des d\u00e9limitations de champs.\r\nLa disponibilit\u00e9 suffisante de terre dans le sud du Niger peut \u00eatre un autre facteur facilitant l\u2019acceptation de la me- sure. La superficie consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tablissement des bandes enherb\u00e9es diminue la superficie des champs, ce qui peut freiner l\u2019acceptation dans des zones o\u00f9 les terres sont limit\u00e9es. La perte de superficie est compens\u00e9e par un meilleur rendement en grain, en paille et en foin. Certaines herbac\u00e9es (comme l\u2019Andropogon gayanus) ont un effet nuisible sur les cultures voisines. L\u2019acceptation de la mesure augmente avec l\u2019exploitation syst\u00e9matique des bandes enherb\u00e9es pour la production de paille ou de fourrage. Dans le cadre du PDRT, au d\u00e9but les populations n\u2019\u00e9taient pas favorables \u00e0 l\u2019application des bandes enherb\u00e9es. Elles les consid\u00e9raient comme des \u00ab mauvaises herbes \u00bb qui n\u2019avaient pas leur place dans les champs. Avec le temps et des voyages d\u2019\u00e9change \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur du pays, les popula- tions ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 accepter la technique."}}], "tech_qg_197": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_202": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_not_well"}], "tech_qg_205": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_214": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_unknown"}], "tech_qg_222": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs": 50.0}], "tech_qg_225": [{"location_comments": {"en": "After three seasons of promoting this technique, grass strips had been established on a total area of 4674 hectares (sometimes in combination with other measures). Over half of the improved land is located in the Filingu\u00e9 area (2587 hectares), followed by Ouallam with 1042 hectares. However, only small areas were improved with grass strips in Tillab\u00e9ri and Tera (228 hectares and 817 hectares respectively), where acceptance of this technique was low", "fr": "After three seasons of promoting this technique, grass strips had been established on a total area of 4674 hectares (sometimes in combination with other measures). Over half of the improved land is located in the Filingu\u00e9 area (2587 hectares), followed by Ouallam with 1042 hectares. However, only small areas were improved with grass strips in Tillab\u00e9ri and Tera (228 hectares and 817 hectares respectively), where acceptance of this technique was low"}}], "tech_qg_226": [{"tech_access_roads": 1, "tech_access_water": 1, "tech_access_energy": 1, "tech_access_health": 1, "tech_access_markets": 1, "tech_access_education": 1, "tech_access_financial": 1, "tech_access_employment": 1, "tech_access_techassistance": 1}], "tech_qg_232": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs_usd": 50.0}], "tech_qg_250": [{"date_documentation": "01/07/2012"}], "qg_references": [{"references_title": {"en": "Good Practices in Soil and Water Conservation. A contribution to adaptation and farmers\u00b4 resilience towards climate change in the Sahel. Published by GIZ in 2012.", "fr": "Good Practices in Soil and Water Conservation. A contribution to adaptation and farmers\u00b4 resilience towards climate change in the Sahel. Published by GIZ in 2012."}, "references_source": {"en": "http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Main_Page", "fr": "http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Main_Page"}}], "qg_location_map": [{"location_map": "{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1560329845675,\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[2.216495,14.251922000000008]},\"properties\":null}]}"}], "qg_funding_project": [{"funding_project": 11}], "qg_accept_conditions": [{"accept_conditions": 1}], "qg_strengths_compiler": [{"strengths_compiler": {"en": "reduce the harmful effects of heavy rain and violent downpours, events that are expected to increase as a result of climate change", "fr": "les bandes enherb\u00e9es diminuent aussi les effets n\u00e9fastes des pluies fortes ou violentes, ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes qui devraient s\u2019accentuer avec le changement climatique."}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "improve rainwater harvesting and water retention in the soil", "fr": "meilleure valorisation des eaux pluviales et une meilleure r\u00e9tention d\u2019eau dans le sol"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "contribute to creating vegetation cover, which provides a habitat for biodiversity", "fr": "Les bandes enherb\u00e9es contribuent \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale qui offre un refuge \u00e0 la biodiversit\u00e9"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "contribute to lowering soil temperature and are also effective in reducing wind erosion. As the vegetation provides shelter from the wind, fine particles of soil accumulate behind the strips.", "fr": "les bandes enherb\u00e9es contribuent \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la temp\u00e9rature du sol et ont \u00e9galement un effet positif contre l\u2019\u00e9rosion \u00e9olienne. Comme la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation freine les vents, de fines particules de terre s\u2019accumulent \u00e0 l\u2019abri de la bande."}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Increased crop output increases household food security and improves livestock feeding. The straw cut on the grass strips can also be used for other purposes (fencing and roofing). It is also a source of income, as traditional products made with straw, such as woven mats, can be sold.", "fr": "L\u2019augmentation de la production am\u00e9liore la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire et l\u2019alimentation du b\u00e9tail. La paille r\u00e9colt\u00e9e sur les bandes enherb\u00e9es sert \u00e0 d\u2019autres fins (cl\u00f4tures, toitures) et permet des recettes gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la vente des produits traditionnels comme des nattes."}}], "qg_funding_institution": [{"funding_institution": 611}], "qg_weaknesses_compiler": [{"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Grass growth tends to be patchy, and resowing is required several times to fill in the gaps in the strip. Strips with bare patches are not effective in retaining water, and rilling can be caused by water gushing through the gaps.", "fr": "La lev\u00e9e des herbac\u00e9es n\u2019est jamais uniforme, d\u2019o\u00f9 le probl\u00e8me des bandes trou\u00e9es dans lesquelles il faut semer \u00e0 plusieurs reprises. Les bandes enherb\u00e9es comportant des trous de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation retiennent l\u2019eau d\u2019une fa\u00e7on incompl\u00e8te et peuvent cr\u00e9er des rigoles par la concentration des eaux dans les endroits non v\u00e9g\u00e9talis\u00e9s."}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "The clumps must therefore be arranged in staggered rows and the strips made wide enough to prevent this problem.", "fr": "Il faut donc que les souches soient bien dispos\u00e9es en quinconce et que la largeur des bandes soit suffisante."}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "With the use of certain types of grasses that grow in clumps, such as Andropogon grass, gaps are left between the tufts, and water spurting through these gaps can cause rilling.", "fr": "La v\u00e9g\u00e9talisation avec des souches d\u2019herbac\u00e9es comme l\u2019Andropogon laisse, entre les souches, des espaces qui provoquent aussi des effets de buse et la formation de rigoles."}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "In spite of good results in terms of increased production and soil improvement, grass strips have only been widely accepted in southern Niger (Maradi and Zinder). Farmers are of the view that grass strips could be confused with plot boundaries.", "fr": "Malgr\u00e9 leurs bons r\u00e9sultats en termes d\u2019accroissement de la production et les effets sur le sol, les bandes enherb\u00e9es n\u2019ont \u00e9t\u00e9 accept\u00e9es \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle que dans le sud du Niger (Maradi, Zinder). Pour les paysans, les bandes enherb\u00e9es peuvent \u00eatre confondues avec des d\u00e9limitations de champs."}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Certain grasses (such as Andropogon gayanus) have a harmful effect on nearby crops.", "fr": "Certaines herbac\u00e9es (comme l\u2019Andropogon gayanus) ont un effet nuisible sur les cultures voisines."}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Part of the plot is taken up by the grass strips, reducing the area left for growing crops. This hinders acceptance in areas where land is limited.", "fr": "La superficie consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tablissement des bandes enherb\u00e9es diminue la superficie des champs, ce qui peut freiner l\u2019acceptation dans des zones o\u00f9 les terres sont limit\u00e9es"}}]}>, 'map_url': '/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1621/map/', 'template': 'raw'}