{'is_geometry': True, 'configuration': 'technologies', 'additional_translations': {}, 'key': 'Map', 'value': '{"type":"FeatureCollection","features":[{"type":"Feature","id":1489508520303,"geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-3.3666666666,40.35000000000002]},"properties":null}]}', 'questionnaire_object': <Questionnaire: {"qg_name": [{"name": {"en": "Cover crops in organic vineyard"}, "name_local": {"en": "Cubiertas vegetales en calles de vi\u00f1edos"}}], "qg_photos": [{"image": "c249ebfc-d0a8-4117-ace0-211da74bde39", "image_date": "31/07/2008", "image_caption": {"en": "Traditional tillage on the left and B. distachyon on the right in a sloping vineyard"}, "image_location": {"en": "Campo Real, Madrid, Spain"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Marqu\u00e9s (Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid)"}}, {"image": "957ac2f8-61b6-457c-9b5c-c0338aa223c8", "image_date": "31/07/2008", "image_caption": {"en": "Machinery used for minimum tillage"}, "image_location": {"en": "Campo Real, Madrid, Spain"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Marqu\u00e9s (Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid)"}}, {"image": "e430352e-34a3-4ec0-b54e-f8f6291bf776", "image_caption": {"en": "Seeds of Brachypodium distachyon in the seeder have to be blended with topsoil to prevent clogging in the pipes."}, "image_location": {"en": "Campo Real, Madrid, Spain"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Marqu\u00e9s (Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid)"}}], "tech_qg_1": [{"tech_definition": {"en": "Use of cover crops to prevent erosion and increase soil organic matter."}}], "tech_qg_2": [{"tech_description": {"en": "In total there were 66 rows of vineyards of the Tempranillo red variety, spaced 3 m apart with a distance of 2.5 m between vines. To date they have been worked using conventional tilling without herbicides: most of the work is done mainly in the winter, followed by two or three sessions in spring aimed at controlling the growth of weeds, which is conditioned by the spring rains.\r\nThe technology is based on minimum tillage and the use of Secale cereale L and Brachypodium distachyon (L.) as cover crops to protect the soil against erosion and to increase the organic matter.\r\n\r\nPurpose of the Technology: The main purposes of this technology are to fight against erosion and water runoff and to increase soil organic matter.\r\nIndirectly this technology contributes to increase biodiversity in the vineyards and it could have some positive effects on wine quality (related to the content of sugar and poliphenoles) as proved by some authors (Dry et al., 2001). \r\nCover crops usually increase the soil moisture but on the other hand, along the summer, the cover crops and the vines are in competition for the scarce water available in the area.\r\n\r\nEstablishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The plant cover in the centre of the rows was sown in mid-November, following the copious rains in the autumn of 2006. A minimum tillage (15cm depth) is carried out before sowing. The seeding rates were 70 kg/ha for rye, Secale cereale L., and 40 kg/ha for purple false brome, Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv. This latter cover had to be reseeded by hand since the seeds have to be buried at a very low depth. It sprouts in late winter or early spring and by late June it is already mature and dry, at which point it self-sows and it sprouts spontaneously again the following autumn. The Secale cover has to be cut in spring and re-sown in late autumn.\r\nOnce sown, the resulting vineyard was divided into alternating rows with three treatments: bare soil with traditional tilling, rows covered with Secale and rows covered with Brachypodium.\r\nThe maintenance activities consist of no tillage in winter and conservation of natural cover crops until spring.\r\n\r\nNatural / human environment: The area is at an altitude of 800 m, in a semiarid Mediterranean climate where the recorded annual rainfall is below 400 mm and the average annual temperature is 14 \u00baC, with very hot and occasionally stormy summers and very cold winters. It rains primarily in spring and autumn.\r\nThe farmland is predominantly dry, especially where olives and vines are planted. Oaks (holm, Portuguese and hermes) can be found in nearby wild areas and in abandoned terrains. The study focused on the area of Campo Real in the southeast of Madrid, in the centre of Spain. The vineyard covers an area of some 2 ha of rolling hills and is located on top of limestone marl.\r\nThe farmer is the owner of the land where the technology was implemented as well as he owns other plots. The land user is one of the few organic producers in the region."}}], "tech_qg_5": [{"tech_who_implemented": ["implementation_experiments", "implementation_externally"], "tech_who_implemented_comments": {"en": "Projects FP 06-DR3-VID IMIDRA and RTA2007-86 INIA, Bodegas y Vi\u00f1edos Gos\u00e1lbez-Ort\u00ed."}}], "tech_qg_7": [{"tech_lu_comments": {"en": "Major land use problems (compiler\u2019s opinion): Erosion and low soil organic matter content.\r\n\r\nMajor land use problems (land users\u2019 perception): Water scarcity, climatic extreme events, low agricultural income."}}], "tech_qg_8": [{"tech_measures": ["tech_measures_agronomic"]}], "tech_qg_9": [{"tech_landuse_2018": ["tech_lu_cropland", "tech_lu_other"]}], "tech_qg_10": [{"tech_lu_sub_other": {"en": "grass see"}, "tech_growing_seasons": "growing_season_1", "tech_lu_cropland_sub": ["lu_cropland_ct"], "tech_growing_seasons_specify": {"en": "Longest growing period in days: 75Longest growing period from month to month: February-April (Secale cereale)Second longest growing period in days: 90Second longest growing period from month to month: February-June (B distachyon)"}}], "tech_qg_18": [{"tech_lu_specify": {"en": "Grass species: rye (Secale cereale) and bromus (Brachypodium distachyon) (2m)"}}], "tech_qg_19": [{"tech_watersupply": "tech_watersupply_rainfed"}], "tech_qg_20": [{"tech_slm_group": ["tech_slm_group_groundcover"]}], "tech_qg_21": [{"tech_measures_agronomic_sub": ["measures_agronomic_a1", "measures_agronomic_a2", "measures_agronomic_a3"]}], "tech_qg_26": [{"tech_measures_comments": {"en": "Main measures: agronomic measures\r\n\r\nType of agronomic measures: better crop cover, contour planting / strip cropping, cover cropping, mulching, manure / compost / residues, breaking crust / sealed surface, minimum tillage"}}], "tech_qg_27": [{"tech_degradation": ["degradation_erosion_water", "degradation_chemical", "degradation_physical", "degradation_biological"]}], "tech_qg_28": [{"degradation_erosion_water_sub": ["degradation_wt"]}], "tech_qg_30": [{"degradation_chemical_sub": ["degradation_cn"]}], "tech_qg_31": [{"degradation_physical_sub": ["degradation_pc", "degradation_pk"]}], "tech_qg_32": [{"degradation_biological_sub": ["degradation_bl"]}], "tech_qg_34": [{"degradation_comments": {"en": "Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion\r\n\r\nSecondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pc: compaction, Pk: sealing and crusting, Bl: loss of soil life\r\n\r\nMain causes of degradation: soil management (Bare soil by traditional tillage in sloping lands), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Lack of vegetation increases soil erodibility), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (Increase the annual rate of rain infiltration due to high vegetation cover), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Extreme events- storms), droughts\r\n\r\nSecondary causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Slope between 10 to 15%), land tenure (Uncertainties on future land tenure implies overexploitation of land in the short run)"}}], "tech_qg_35": [{"tech_prevention": ["intervention_prevent_ld", "intervention_reduce_ld"], "tech_prevention_comments": {"en": "Main goals: prevention of land degradation\r\n\r\nSecondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation"}}], "tech_qg_36": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 140.7, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "Labour"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 140.7, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_37": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 51.46, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "Machine use"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 51.46, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_38": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 354.43, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "Seeds"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 354.43}], "tech_qg_43": [{"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "Annually in late autumn or winter"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Minimum tillage and seeding in one go (Secale cereale)"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "Every 5 years"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Seeding (B distachyon)"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "Once a year"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Mowing Secale cereale 1 ha"}}], "tech_qg_45": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 140.7, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "Labour"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 140.7, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_46": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 51.46, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "Machine use"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 51.46, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_47": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 113.23, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "Seeds"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 113.23}], "tech_qg_52": [{"tech_input_maint_comments": {"en": "Machinery/ tools: tractor, brushcutter\r\n\r\nGrass strips per hectare in 2008."}}], "tech_qg_54": [{"tech_rainfall": ["tech_rainfall_251_500"], "tech_rainfall_annual": 400.0, "tech_rainfall_specifications": {"en": "Autumn and spring "}}], "tech_qg_55": [{"tech_agroclimatic_zone": ["tech_agroclimatic_zone_semiarid"], "tech_agroclimatic_zone_specifications": {"en": "Thermal climate class: temperate"}}], "tech_qg_56": [{"tech_slopes": ["tech_slopes_rolling"], "tech_landforms": ["tech_landforms_hillslopes"], "tech_altitudinalzone": ["tech_altitudinalzone_500_1000"]}], "tech_qg_57": [{"tech_convex_concave": "topography_concave", "tech_topography_comments": {"en": "Slopes on average: Rolling (10-14%)"}}], "tech_qg_58": [{"tech_soil_depth": ["tech_soil_depth_shallow"], "tech_topsoil_organic": ["tech_topsoil_organic_medium"], "tech_soil_texture_topsoil": ["tech_soil_texture_medium"]}], "tech_qg_59": [{"tech_soil_comments": {"en": "Soil texture is medium (sandy loam)\r\nSoil fertility is medium\r\nTopsoil organic matter is medium (1.3%) \r\nSoil drainage/infiltration is medium\r\nSoil water storage capacity is medium\r\n"}}], "tech_qg_60": [{"tech_surfacewater": "tech_surfacewater_medium", "tech_waterquality": "tech_waterquality_poor"}], "tech_qg_65": [{"tech_water_comments": {"en": "Ground water table: No data avalilable \r\nAvailability of surface of water: During the maximum water requirements of vines (June-July) water is not available usually. "}}], "tech_qg_66": [{"tech_speciesdiversity": "measure_low"}], "tech_qg_71": [{"tech_gender": ["gender_men"], "tech_wealth": ["tech_wealth_average"], "tech_individuals": ["individuals_individual"], "tech_mechanisation": ["mechanisation_mechanised"], "tech_market_orientation": ["tech_market_orientation_commercial"]}], "tech_qg_72": [{"tech_land_size": ["tech_land_size_1_2"], "tech_land_size_relative": ["tech_size_smallscale"]}], "tech_qg_73": [{"tech_ownership": ["tech_ownership_individualtitled"], "tech_landuserights": ["tech_userights_individual"], "tech_wateruserights": ["tech_userights_individual"]}], "tech_qg_76": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "Depending on the cover crop (B. distachyon)"}, "tech_impacts_cropproduction": 1}], "tech_qg_77": [{"tech_landuser_comments": {"en": "Land users applying the Technology are mainly Leaders / privileged\r\nDifference in the involvement of women and men: Traditionally vineyard sector in Spain is driven by men.\r\nPopulation density: 10-50 persons/km2\r\nAnnual population growth: negative\r\nOff-farm income specification: This information is not available.\r\nMarket orientation is commercial/market (wine). "}}], "tech_qg_79": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": " But not really used"}, "tech_impacts_fodderproduction": 5}], "tech_qg_93": [{"tech_input_est_comments": {"en": "Duration of establishment phase: 6 month(s)\r\nLife span of the product: B. distachyon seed, 4-5 years \r\nLife span of the product: Secale cereale seed, 1 year"}}], "tech_qg_95": [{"tech_input_determinate_factors": {"en": "Labour and price of B. distachyon seeds as it is not a commercial seed."}}], "qg_location": [{"country": "country_ESP", "state_province": {"en": "Madrid, Spain"}, "further_location": {"en": "Campo Real"}}], "tech_qg_100": [{"tech_impacts_irrigationwateravailability": 3}], "tech_qg_101": [{"tech_impacts_irrigationwaterquality": 3}], "tech_qg_102": [{"tech_impacts_demandirrigationwater": 3}], "tech_qg_104": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": " Related to the quality and price of wine"}, "tech_impacts_farmincome": 6}], "tech_qg_107": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": " No tillage"}, "tech_impacts_workload": 6}], "tech_qg_115": [{"tech_impacts_slmknowledge": 7}], "tech_qg_121": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": " More than 80% of runoff reduction in B. distachyon and more than 60% for Secale."}, "tech_impacts_surfacerunoff": 7}], "tech_qg_124": [{"tech_impacts_evaporation": 2}], "tech_qg_125": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "Depending on the cover. B. distachyon increases soil moisture in autumn and winter. From May to July soil moisture heavely decreased, the rest of the year the cover crops increase soil moisture compared with bare soil"}}], "tech_qg_126": [{"tech_impacts_soilcover": 7}], "tech_qg_127": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": " 93% in permanent cover crops"}, "tech_impacts_soilloss": 7}], "tech_qg_129": [{"tech_impacts_soilcrusting": 7}], "tech_qg_130": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": " Due to less use of heavy machinery"}, "tech_impacts_soilcompaction": 6}], "tech_qg_133": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": " From 1.27% to 1.6% in three years for permanent covers"}, "tech_impacts_quant_after": {"en": "1.6%"}, "tech_impacts_quant_before": {"en": "1.27%"}, "tech_impacts_soilorganicmatter": 7}], "tech_qg_146": [{"tech_impacts_wateravailability": 4}], "tech_qg_147": [{"tech_impacts_downstreamflooding": 7}], "tech_qg_150": [{"tech_impacts_groundwaterpollution": 6}], "tech_qg_151": [{"tech_impacts_bufferingcapacity": 7}], "tech_qg_152": [{"tech_impacts_windtransportedsediments": 5}], "tech_qg_153": [{"tech_impacts_damageneighbourfield": 7}], "tech_qg_154": [{"tech_impacts_damageinfrastructure": 7}], "tech_qg_160": [{"tech_implementation_decades": "implemenation_less_10"}], "tech_qg_164": [{"tech_input_average_wage": {"en": "46.90"}, "tech_input_exchange_rate": 1.34, "tech_input_national_currency": {"en": "euro"}}], "tech_qg_165": [{"tech_est_activity": {"en": "Buy secale cereale seed, 70 kg per ha"}}, {"tech_est_activity": {"en": "Buy B. distachyon seed, 40 kg per ha"}}], "tech_qg_168": [{"tech_exposure_incrdecr": "increase", "tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_179": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_180": [{"tech_tolerance_comments": {"en": "The species were chosen to be tolerant to drought and poor soil conditions"}}], "tech_qg_181": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_slightlypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_neutral"}], "tech_qg_182": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_slightlypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_neutral"}], "tech_qg_183": [{"tech_costbenefit_comments": {"en": "This particular land user is an organic farmer and he is willing to change his manangament practices but tradtional farmers in the region have a very negative vision of this kind of SLM techs."}}], "tech_qg_184": [{"user_id": "2483", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"user_id": "1683", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"country": "country_ESP", "person_gender": "gender_female", "person_lastname": {"en": "Ru\u00edz Colmenero "}, "person_firstname": {"en": "Marta"}, "person_institution_name": {"en": "Instituto Madrile\u00f1o de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario - IMIDRA"}, "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"person_gender": "gender_male", "person_lastname": {"en": "Bienes"}, "person_firstname": {"en": "Ramon"}, "person_institution_name": {"en": "Instituto Madrile\u00f1o de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario - IMIDRA"}, "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}], "tech_qg_185": [{"tech_drawing": "e5a3666b-eea4-450a-a30d-f83c2cb0e694", "tech_drawing_author": {"en": "Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Marqu\u00e9s, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid"}, "tech_specifications": {"en": "Cover crops are sown in the middle of the strips of the lines of vineyard.(Bare soil under the vines: 50 cm wide; cropped strips: 2 m wide)\r\n\r\nLocation: Campo Real. Madrid, Spain\r\n\r\nDate: 2008\r\n\r\nTechnical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Selection of cover crops and management.\r\nBotanical and agronomic knowledge required.)\r\n\r\nTechnical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Use of appropriate machinery.)\r\n\r\nMain technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, increase of surface roughness, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)\r\n\r\nSecondary technical functions: increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,\u2026), increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater\r\n\r\nBetter crop cover\r\nMaterial/ species: Secale cereale\r\nQuantity/ density: 70 kg/ha\r\nRemarks: decrease soil erosion and it does not compete for water.\r\n\r\nContour planting / strip cropping\r\nMaterial/ species: Vineyard plus cereals\r\nRemarks: bare soil under the vines: 50 cm wide; cropped strips: 2 m wide\r\n\r\nCover cropping\r\nMaterial/ species: Brachypodium distachyon\r\nQuantity/ density: 40 kg/ha\r\nRemarks: best coverage and SOM increase, but reduces the grape production too much due to water competition\r\n\r\nMulching\r\nMaterial/ species: Straw of Secale cereale\r\nRemarks: Conservation of cut rye on site\r\n\r\nManure / compost / residues\r\nMaterial/ species: Secale cereale and Brachypodium distachyon\r\nRemarks: roots and residues (straw) left in soil increase SOM\r\n\r\nBreaking crust / sealed surface\r\nRemarks: cover crops avoid soil crusting\r\n\r\nMinimum tillage\r\nMaterial/ species: up to 15 cm soil depth\r\nQuantity/ density: 15 cm\r\nRemarks: before sowing\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: in the middle of the lines of vines\r\nVegetative material: G : grass\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass\r\n\r\nFruit trees / shrubs species: Grapes (50cm) /grass see G (cover crops) (2m)\r\n\r\nGrass species: rye (Secale cereale) and bromus (Brachypodium distachyon) (2m)"}}], "tech_qg_187": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "The farmers use to prefer the landscape of their vineyards with \"clean\" soil. They consider cover crops as weeds. "}, "tech_impacts_other_measure": 1, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "Landusers perception of the landscape"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "decreased"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "increased"}}, {"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "This SLM Technology contributes to soil improvement but has no direct impacts on human wellbeing of the land users. Due to organic labelling of the product, the price of wine may increase wich also increases farm income. "}, "tech_impacts_other_measure": 4, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "Improved livelihoods and human well-being"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "decreased"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "improved"}}], "tech_qg_191": [{"tech_adoption_comments": {"en": "100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support\r\n\r\n1 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support\r\n\r\nThere is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology"}, "tech_adoption_quantify": {"en": "1"}}], "tech_qg_197": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_unknown"}], "tech_qg_202": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_205": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_not_well"}], "tech_qg_214": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_222": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs": 546.59}], "tech_qg_223": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs": 305.39}], "tech_qg_225": [{"location_comments": {"en": "Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.02 km2."}}], "tech_qg_226": [{"tech_access_roads": 3, "tech_access_water": 3, "tech_access_energy": 3, "tech_access_health": 3, "tech_access_markets": 2, "tech_access_education": 3, "tech_access_financial": 2, "tech_access_employment": 1, "tech_access_techassistance": 3}], "tech_qg_232": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs_usd": 407.9}], "tech_qg_233": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs_usd": 227.9}], "tech_qg_235": [{"tech_lu_mixed": 1, "tech_lu_mixed_select": "lu_mixed_mp"}], "tech_qg_250": [{"date_documentation": "12/09/2008"}], "qg_references": [{"references_title": {"en": "M.J. Marques , S. Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz , G. Mu\u00f1oz-Organero , R. Bienes. 2009. Soil conservation beneath grass cover in hillside vineyards under mediterranean climatic conditions. Land Degradation and Development. 21: 122-131. \r\n\r\nRuiz-Colmenero, S; Bienes R.; Marques MJ. 2011. Soil and water conservation dilemmas associated with the use of green cover in steep vineyards. Soil & Tillage Research 117, 211-223.\r\n\r\nBienes R., Marques MJ, Ruiz Colmenero M 2012. Cereales, vi\u00f1edos y olivares. El manejo tradicional del suelo y sus consecuencias en la erosi\u00f3n h\u00eddrica. La erosi\u00f3n y la hidrolog\u00eda en campos de cultivo en Espa\u00f1a. Cuadernos de Investigaci\u00f3n Geogr\u00e1fica 38(1), 49-74.\r\n\r\nRuiz-Colmenero, M., Bienes, R., Eldridge, D.J. and Marqu\u00e9s, M.J. 2013. Vegetation cover reduces erosion and enhances soil organic carbon in a vineyard in the central Spain. Catena. 104, 153-160."}}], "qg_location_map": [{"location_map": "{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1489508520303,\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[-3.3666666666,40.35000000000002]},\"properties\":null}]}"}], "qg_accept_conditions": [{"accept_conditions": 1}], "qg_strengths_compiler": [{"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Increase of soil organic matter\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Prevention of runoff and soil erosion (change of bare (tilled) soil by cover crops)\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Increase in biodiversity\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Increase in wine quality (related to the content of sugar and polyphenols), as proved by some authors (Dry et al., 2001)\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "The costs are reduced through reduced use of tractor (decreased intensity of tillage)\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time"}}], "qg_funding_institution": [{"funding_institution": 769}, {"funding_institution": 760}], "qg_strengths_landusers": [{"strengths_landuser": {"en": "Increase in wine quality\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time"}}, {"strengths_landuser": {"en": "Prevention of erosion\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time"}}, {"strengths_landuser": {"en": "Decrease in intensity and frequency of tillage\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time"}}], "qg_weaknesses_compiler": [{"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Soil moisture decreases during certain months"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "Mowing the cover in spring"}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "High costs of the most effective seed (8.04$/kg) (B. distachyon)"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "Using other similar and cheaper seeds"}}], "qg_weaknesses_landusers": [{"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "Lack of knowledge or training to adopt this technologies"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "Awareness raising campaigns"}}]}>, 'map_url': '/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1162/map/', 'template': 'raw'}