Technologies

Reclamation Saline Sodic soil [Sudan]

Creation: 05/11/2016 9:30 p.m.
Update: 07/13/2022 2:08 p.m.
Compiler: Daniel Danano Dale
Editor: –
Reviewers: Alexandra Gavilano, David Streiff, Joana Eichenberger

Reclamation Saline Sodic soil

technologies_1307 - Sudan

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Completeness: 59%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

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SLM specialist:

Omer Sara

SECS

Sudan

{'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 96, 'label': 'Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO Food and Agriculture Organization) - Italy', 'template': 'raw'}

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

approaches

soil reclamation and application of chemical and organic … [Sudan]

No description available.

Compiler: Daniel Danano Dale
05/11/2016 midnight

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Physical and chemical treatment saline soil

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Physical amendment by loam soil or adding agricultural gypsum which represents the chemical ammendment

Purpose of the Technology: Generate soil suitable for different kinds of plants creating a diversity in sources of income providing a safety net for farmers.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The maintenance activity began by digging pits with different depth which depended on the type of fruit the farmers were planting. farmers then replaced the soil with loam soil.

The chemical amendment started with different measurements like Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) Cation Exchangeable Capacity CEC and Electrolyte Conductivity (EC) and then a suitable amount gypsum was added based on this these measurents.

Natural / human environment: The area is located on the near the Blue Nile which means there is a source of irrigation water. When the pumps are broken they use ground water which makes it worse because it saline.

The area is semiarid, flat topography with deep clay soil. It is mainly cropland.
Land owners of between 2 to 20 hectares employ poor farm hands who are paid small wages.
These farm hands use mainly hand held hoes.

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Sudan

Region/ State/ Province:

Khartoum

Further specification of location:

Jabal Aulia

Specify the spread of the Technology:

evenly spread over an area

Comments:

Boundary points of the Technology area: East
North

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 100 km2.

Under research

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

during experiments/ research

Comments (type of project, etc.):

4 years

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

improve production
create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Cropland

Annual cropping
Perennial (non-woody) cropping
Tree and shrub cropping

Annual cropping - Specify crops:

cereals - sorghum
fodder crops - grasses

fruit trees

Number of growing seasons per year:

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Saline soil, saline ground water, mainly one type of vegetation(fodder)

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Saline soil, saline ground water, mainly one type of vegetation(fodder)

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Cp: Perennial (non-woody) cropping

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

full irrigation

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

rehabilitate saline soil

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

agronomic measures

A4: Subsurface treatment

vegetative measures

V2: Grasses and perennial herbaceous plants

structural measures

S4: Level ditches, pits

Comments:

Secondary measures: vegetative measures, structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, soil conditioners (lime, gypsum), pits

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

chemical soil deterioration

Cs: salinization/ alkalinization

Comments:

Main causes of degradation: droughts (Evaporation of water leaves behind mineral salts)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

reduce land degradation
restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

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Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Very specific monitoring)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase of infiltration

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: fruit trees, sorghum and fodder

Soil conditioners (lime, gypsum)
Quantity/ density: 4km/m2

Pits
Material/ species: 2*2*3
Quantity/ density: 1tree/pit

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Spacing between structures (m): 8
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	unit	1.0	64.0	64.0	100.0
Equipment	Machine use	unit	1.0	120.0	120.0	100.0
Equipment	Tools	unit	1.0	20.0	20.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Fertilizer	unit	1.0	250.0	250.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Compost/manure	unit	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
Construction material	Earth	unit	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					854.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					854.0

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The soil type

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall

< 250 mm
251-500 mm
501-750 mm
751-1,000 mm
1,001-1,500 mm
1,501-2,000 mm
2,001-3,000 mm
3,001-4,000 mm
> 4,000 mm

Agro-climatic zone

semi-arid

Thermal climate class: subtropics

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:

flat (0-2%)
gentle (3-5%)
moderate (6-10%)
rolling (11-15%)
hilly (16-30%)
steep (31-60%)
very steep (>60%)

Landforms:

plateau/plains
ridges
mountain slopes
hill slopes
footslopes
valley floors

Altitudinal zone:

0-100 m a.s.l.
101-500 m a.s.l.
501-1,000 m a.s.l.
1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
> 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:

very shallow (0-20 cm)
shallow (21-50 cm)
moderately deep (51-80 cm)
deep (81-120 cm)
very deep (> 120 cm)

Soil texture (topsoil):

fine/ heavy (clay)

Topsoil organic matter:

low (<1%)

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility is very low

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor

Soil water storage capacity is high

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

> 50 m

Availability of surface water:

poor/ none

Water quality (untreated):

for agricultural use only (irrigation)

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Water quality (untreated): Also poor for drinking

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:

subsistence (self-supply)

Relative level of wealth:

rich
very rich

Individuals or groups:

individual/ household

Gender:

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly Leaders / privileged

Difference in the involvement of women and men: farmers

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

60% of the land users are very rich (own more then 5 ha or more).
40% of the land users are rich (2 ha).

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

< 0.5 ha
0.5-1 ha
1-2 ha
2-5 ha
5-15 ha
15-50 ha
50-100 ha
100-500 ha
500-1,000 ha
1,000-10,000 ha
> 10,000 ha

Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?

medium-scale

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

individual, titled

Land use rights:

individual

Water use rights:

communal (organized)

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Ecological impacts

Soil

soil compaction

increased

reduced

nutrient cycling/ recharge

decreased

increased

Quantity before SLM:

0.5

Quantity after SLM:

20-50

salinity

increased

decreased

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

plant diversity

decreased

increased

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	not well
local windstorm	well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	not well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	not well

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	not known

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
There is is no need to apply it regularly

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
There is increase in plant diversity
There is a decrease in land salinity
The soil becomes more fertile
there is reduction soil compaction

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
High costs are involved

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Not applicable for uneducated farmers
The returns are long term/ need time

7. References and links

Links and modules

Collapse all

Links

approaches

soil reclamation and application of chemical and organic … [Sudan]

No description available.

Compiler: Daniel Danano Dale
05/11/2016 midnight

Modules

No modules