Technologies

Terrace with Tree Barrier [Tajikistan]

Creation: 03/03/2011 10:37 a.m.
Update: 11/02/2021 3:19 p.m.
Compiler: Erik Bühlmann
Editor: –
Reviewers: Alexandra Gavilano, David Streiff, Joana Eichenberger

technologies_1409 - Tajikistan

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Completeness: 69%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

{'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 'Bettina Wolfgramm', 'user_id': '1166', 'unknown_user': False, 'template': 'raw'}

SLM specialist:

{'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 'Bettina Wolfgramm', 'user_id': '1166', 'unknown_user': False, 'template': 'raw'}

{'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 15, 'label': 'Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, Tajikistan (WB / PPCR)', 'template': 'raw'} {'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 155, 'label': 'Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Switzerland', 'template': 'raw'} {'additional_translations': {}, 'value': 155, 'label': 'Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)', 'text': 'CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Switzerland', 'template': 'raw'}

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

approaches

Voluntary Labour Assistance [Tajikistan]

Voluntary labour assistance for labour intensive activities whereby community members help each other in contributing labour on the basis of mutual understanding.

Compiler: Erik Bühlmann
01/13/2009 midnight

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Forward sloping terraces stabilised with aligned poplar trees and adjacent grass strips

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

On steep and severely eroded cropland a forward sloping terrace (15% gradient) was established by moving available earth with a bulldozer. Below the terraced field, a cut-off drain diverts excessive rain and irrigation water to an existing gully. The terrace and the cut off drain are stabilised by an aligned tree barrier (poplar trees planted in 0.5 metre intervals), and by two parallel grass strips of 1-2 metres in width.
The terrace was built using a bulldozer. Digging the cut-off drain and planting the poplar cuttings was done by hand. For the initial establishment of the grass strip clods were transferred from a neighbouring pasture. The poplar trees are pruned in early spring; the cut off-drain needs to be cleared of washed in soil after heavy storm events. The described terrace is established on steep cropland prone to soil erosion. The technology is relatively simple to implement.

Purpose of the Technology: The terrace was established to reduce soil erosion and subsequent fertility decline through the reduction of the slope angle. The tree barrier is planted because of the usefulness of poplar trees for construction purposes and to mark field boundaries; its capability of acting as a stabilising terrace is a very useful extra side effect.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Establishment costs and the rather low maintenance costs are offset by the benefits of the harvested wood produced. Poplar trees can be gradually felled and used for construction purposes 15 years after they are initially planted. Through reduction of the slope angle, the risk of soil erosion is lowered significantly. However, poplar trees can only be planted on land where sufficient water for irrigation is available, since they need to be watered on a weekly basis during the summer. Furthermore, the technology covers land which then cannot be used for cultivation of food crops.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

Media Gallery

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Tajikistan

Region/ State/ Province:

RRS

Further specification of location:

Faizabad Rayon

Specify the spread of the Technology:

evenly spread over an area

If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:

0.1-1 km2

Comments:

Общая площадь, на которой задействована технология, 0,5 квадратных метра.

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Below the terraced field, a cut-off drain diverts excessive rain and irrigation water to an existing gully. The terrace and the cut off drain are stabilised by an aligned tree barrier (poplar trees planted in 0.5 metre intervals), and by two parallel grass strips of 1-2 metres in width. \r\nThe terrace was built using a bulldozer. Digging the cut-off drain and planting the poplar cuttings was done by hand. For the initial establishment of the grass strip clods were transferred from a neighbouring pasture. The poplar trees are pruned in early spring; the cut off-drain needs to be cleared of washed in soil after heavy storm events. The described terrace is established on steep cropland prone to soil erosion. The technology is relatively simple to implement.\r\n\r\nPurpose of the Technology: The terrace was established to reduce soil erosion and subsequent fertility decline through the reduction of the slope angle. The tree barrier is planted because of the usefulness of poplar trees for construction purposes and to mark field boundaries; its capability of acting as a stabilising terrace is a very useful extra side effect.\r\n\r\nEstablishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Establishment costs and the rather low maintenance costs are offset by the benefits of the harvested wood produced. Poplar trees can be gradually felled and used for construction purposes 15 years after they are initially planted. Through reduction of the slope angle, the risk of soil erosion is lowered significantly. However, poplar trees can only be planted on land where sufficient water for irrigation is available, since they need to be watered on a weekly basis during the summer. 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\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0445\u043e\u0437 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440."}}], "tech_qg_4": [{"tech_spread_area": "tech_spread_01_1", "tech_spread_tech": "tech_spread_evenly"}], "tech_qg_5": [{"tech_who_implemented": ["implementation_experiments"]}], "tech_qg_6": [{"tech_main_purpose": ["main_purpose_degradation"]}], "tech_qg_7": [{"tech_lu_comments": {"en": "Major land use problems (compiler\u2019s opinion): severe water erosion (rills and gullies) and subsequent fertility decline on cropland and overgrazed pastures\r\n\r\nMajor land use problems (land users\u2019 perception): soil erosion and fertility decline\r\n\r\nType of cropping system and major crops comments: If land is irrigated, then after the wheat harvest there can be immediate cultivation of vegetables", "ru": "\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f): \u0421\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044f (\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438) \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0445\u043e\u0437 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0431\u0438\u0449\r\n\r\n\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f): \u042d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u044f\r\n\r\n\u0422\u0438\u043f \u0441\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0445: \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0432\u043e\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b"}}], "tech_qg_8": [{"tech_measures": ["tech_measures_vegetative", "tech_measures_structural"]}], "tech_qg_9": [{"tech_landuse_2018": ["tech_lu_cropland"]}], "tech_qg_10": [{"tech_growing_seasons": "growing_season_1", "tech_lu_cropland_sub": ["lu_cropland_ca", "lu_cropland_ct"], "tech_growing_seasons_specify": {"en": "Longest growing period in days: 210Longest growing period from month to month: March to August", "ru": "\u0412\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 (\u0434\u043d\u0438): 210. \u0412\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430\u043c: \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442-\u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442"}, "tech_lu_cropland_annual_cropping_crops": ["annual_crops_445", "annual_crops_453", "annual_crops_434"], "tech_lu_cropland_tree_shrub_cropping_crops": ["tree_shrub_512", "tree_shrub_514", "tree_shrub_516"]}], "tech_qg_19": [{"tech_watersupply": "tech_watersupply_mixed"}], "tech_qg_20": [{"tech_slm_group": ["tech_slm_group_agroforestry", "tech_slm_group_crossslope"]}], "tech_qg_22": [{"tech_measures_vegetative_sub": ["measures_vegetative_v1"]}], "tech_qg_23": [{"tech_measures_structural_sub": ["measures_structural_s1"]}], "tech_qg_26": [{"tech_measures_comments": {"en": "Main measures: structural measures\r\n\r\nSecondary measures: vegetative measures\r\n\r\nType of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour, aligned: -along boundary", "ru": "\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f: \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435\r\n\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f: \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \r\n\r\n\u0422\u0438\u043f \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e: \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439: -\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440, \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439: -\u0432\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b"}}], "tech_qg_27": [{"tech_degradation": ["degradation_erosion_water", "degradation_chemical"]}], "tech_qg_28": [{"degradation_erosion_water_sub": ["degradation_wt", "degradation_wg"]}], "tech_qg_30": [{"degradation_chemical_sub": ["degradation_cn"]}], "tech_qg_34": [{"degradation_comments": {"en": "Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying\r\n\r\nSecondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content", "ru": "\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u0412\u0432 (Wt): \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b / \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044f, \u0412\u043e (Wg): \u043e\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044f / \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430\r\n\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u0425\u0430 (Cn): \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435 (\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0435\u0439)"}}], "tech_qg_35": [{"tech_prevention": ["intervention_prevent_ld"], "tech_prevention_comments": {"en": "Main goals: prevention of land degradation", "ru": "\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438: \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438"}}], "tech_qg_36": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "ru": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 80.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "Building terrace", "ru": "\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0441"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 80.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "ru": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 75.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "Planting trees", "ru": "\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 75.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_37": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "ru": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 10.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "tools", "ru": "\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 10.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_43": [{"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "eraly spring /annual", "ru": "\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439/\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "pruning of trees", "ru": "\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "summer /annual", "ru": "\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c/\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "cutting of grass (grass strips)", "ru": "\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b (\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b)"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "summer /weekly", "ru": "\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c/\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "irrigarion/watering of trees", "ru": "\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435/\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "rainy season/after every rainfall event", "ru": "\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0439/\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "clearing cut-off drain from washed in soil", "ru": "\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0442\u0430"}}], "tech_qg_45": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha", "ru": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 12.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "Prunning", "ru": "\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0430"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 12.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha", "ru": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 3.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "Cutting", "ru": "\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0436\u043a\u0430"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 3.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_52": [{"tech_input_maint_comments": {"en": "costs per 100x100m plot, costs increase if longer field boundary is on contour", "ru": "\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435"}}], "tech_qg_54": [{"tech_rainfall": ["tech_rainfall_751_1000"]}], "tech_qg_55": [{"tech_agroclimatic_zone": ["tech_agroclimatic_zone_subhumid", "tech_agroclimatic_zone_semiarid"], "tech_agroclimatic_zone_specifications": {"en": "growing period 180-210 days ", "ru": "\u0412\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 180-210 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439"}}], "tech_qg_56": [{"tech_slopes": ["tech_slopes_hilly", "tech_slopes_steep"], "tech_landforms": ["tech_landforms_mountainslopes", "tech_landforms_hillslopes"], "tech_altitudinalzone": ["tech_altitudinalzone_1000_1500", "tech_altitudinalzone_1500_2000"]}], "tech_qg_57": [{"tech_topography_comments": {"en": "Altitudinal zone: Also 501-1,000 m a.s.l.", "ru": "\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 : 501-1,000 \u043c \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f"}}], "tech_qg_58": [{"tech_soil_depth": ["tech_soil_depth_verydeep"], "tech_topsoil_organic": ["tech_topsoil_organic_medium", "tech_topsoil_organic_low"], "tech_soil_texture_topsoil": ["tech_soil_texture_medium", "tech_soil_texture_fine"]}], "tech_qg_59": [{"tech_soil_comments": {"en": "Soil fertility: low - high\r\n\r\nSoil drainage / infiltration: medium - good", "ru": "\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0435: \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0435 - \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0435\r\n\r\n\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0436 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f - \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u044f"}}], "tech_qg_71": [{"tech_wealth": ["tech_wealth_average", "tech_wealth_rich"], "tech_mechanisation": ["mechanisation_manual", "mechanisation_mechanised"], "tech_offfarm_income": ["offfarm_income_50_plus"], "tech_market_orientation": ["tech_market_orientation_subsistence", "tech_market_orientation_mixed"]}], "tech_qg_72": [{"tech_land_size": ["tech_land_size_1_2", "tech_land_size_2_5"], "tech_land_comments": {"en": "Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology also: 0.5-1 ha,", "ru": "\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438: 0.5-1 \u0433\u0430, 1-2 \u0433\u0430, 2-5 \u0433\u0430\r\n"}}], "tech_qg_73": [{"tech_ownership": ["tech_ownership_state"], "tech_landuserights": ["tech_userights_leased"]}], "tech_qg_76": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "due to increase in soil fertility", "ru": "\u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u044f"}, "tech_impacts_cropproduction": 5}], "tech_qg_77": [{"tech_landuser_comments": {"en": "5% of the land users are rich and own 15% of the land.\r\n75% of the land users are average wealthy and own 70% of the land.\r\n\r\nOff-farm income specification: In general, all farmers (including those applying SWC technologies) are highly dependent on off-farm income which in most cases is earned in Russia either by themselves or by their relatives.\r\n\r\nLevel of mechanization: whenever possible farmer rent tractors for tillage activities. All levels of mechanization are pre-existing.\r\n\r\nMarket orientation of production system subsistence (self-supply): only surpluses are sold", "ru": "5% \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0442 15% \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \r\n75% \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0442 70% \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438\r\n\r\n\r\nOff-farm income specification: \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b (\u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438) \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0435-\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0417\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438."}}], "tech_qg_82": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "poplar trees gradually harvested for construction purposes", "ru": "\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438"}, "tech_impacts_woodproduction": 7}], "tech_qg_87": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "area occupied by grass strips, barriers and ditches", "ru": "\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b, \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438"}, "tech_impacts_productionarea": 3}], "tech_qg_88": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "tree barriers impede accessibility with machines", "ru": "\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d"}, "tech_impacts_landmanagement": 2}], "tech_qg_93": [{"tech_input_est_comments": {"en": "Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)", "ru": "\u0421\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f : 1 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446"}}], "qg_location": [{"country": "country_TJK", "state_province": {"en": "RRS", "ru": "\u0420\u0420\u041f"}, "further_location": {"en": "Faizabad Rayon", "ru": "\u0424\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d"}}], "tech_qg_104": [{"tech_impacts_farmincome": 6}], "tech_qg_113": [{"tech_impacts_community": 4}], "tech_qg_122": [{"tech_impacts_waterdrainage": 6}], "tech_qg_125": [{"tech_impacts_soilmoisture": 4}], "tech_qg_127": [{"tech_impacts_soilloss": 7}], "tech_qg_144": [{"tech_impacts_windvelocity": 5}], "tech_qg_147": [{"tech_impacts_downstreamflooding": 6}], "tech_qg_164": [{"tech_input_average_wage": {"en": "3.00", "ru": "3.00"}}], "tech_qg_165": [{"tech_est_timing": {"en": "spring", "ru": "\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "digging of pits for tree planting", "ru": "\u0432\u044b\u0435\u043c\u043a\u0430 \u044f\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "spring", "ru": "\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "planting of poplar cuttings", "ru": "\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "spring", "ru": "\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "transplanting of grass clods", "ru": "\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "autumn", "ru": "\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "construction of terrace", "ru": "\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0441"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "autumn", "ru": "\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "digging of cut-off drain", "ru": "\u0432\u044b\u0435\u043c\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b"}}], "tech_qg_181": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_verypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_slightlynegative"}], "tech_qg_182": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_verypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_neutral"}], "tech_qg_183": [{"tech_costbenefit_comments": {"en": "The terraces were established with the help of bulldozers which is costly, therefore short-term benefits are slightly negative.", "ru": "\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0441\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435"}}], "tech_qg_184": [{"user_id": "232", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"user_id": "1166", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}], "tech_qg_185": [{"tech_drawing": "3e54c1ca-5e5f-4c67-a22d-9bac98273b9e", "tech_drawing_author": {"en": "Erik B\u00fchlmann, Berne, Switzerland", "ru": "\u042d\u0440\u0438\u043a \u0411\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043d, \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f"}, "tech_specifications": {"en": "\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u0441 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434, \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0443\r\n\u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0433. \u0424\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\r\n\r\n\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430: 15.07.2005\r\n\r\n\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432: \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439\r\n\r\n\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439\r\n\r\n\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0430\r\n\r\n\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432: \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430 / \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430 / \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 / \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430, \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 / \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\r\n\r\n\u0412\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: -\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\r\n\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b: \u0414: \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f / \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\r\n\u041a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0440: 200\r\n\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441 / \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 / \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043c : 0.5\r\n\r\n\u0412\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: -\u0432\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\r\n\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b: \u0414: \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f / \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\r\n\u041a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0440: 200\r\n\r\n\u041c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e: \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\r\n\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b: \u0422: \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\r\n\u0428\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441 / \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 / \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 (\u043c): 3\r\n\r\n\u041c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e: \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b: \u0422: \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\r\n\u041c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e: \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b: \u0422: \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\r\n\r\n\u041c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e: \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b: \u0422: \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\r\n\r\n\u0412\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432/ \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432: \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\r\n\r\n\u0418\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f: \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\r\n\u0413\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432/\u044f\u043c/\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0431 (\u043c): 0.1\r\n\u0428\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432/\u044f\u043c/\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0431 (\u043c): 0.2\r\n\u0414\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432/\u044f\u043c/\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0431 (\u043c): \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0443\r\n\r\n\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b (\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f): \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0441\u044b\r\n\r\n\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430: 15%\r\n\r\n\u0423\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438: 2%\r\n\r\n\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\r\n\r\nLocation: Karsang. Faizabad Rayon\r\n\r\nDate: 15.07.2005\r\n\r\nTechnical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate\r\n\r\nTechnical knowledge required for land users: moderate\r\n\r\nMain technical functions: reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length\r\n\r\nSecondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, improvement of ground cover, increase / maintain water stored in soil, reduction in wind speed\r\n\r\nAligned: -contour\r\nVegetative material: T : trees / shrubs\r\nNumber of plants per (ha): 200\r\nVertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5\r\n\r\nAligned: -along boundary\r\nVegetative material: T : trees / shrubs\r\nNumber of plants per (ha): 200\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: aligned: contour\r\nVegetative material: G : grass\r\nWidth within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass\r\n\r\nTrees/ shrubs species: poplar trees\r\n\r\nIf the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 15.00%\r\n\r\nStructural measure: cut-off drain\r\nDepth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.1\r\nWidth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.2\r\nLength of ditches/pits/dams (m): fielding\r\n\r\nConstruction material (earth): earth moved to form terrace\r\n\r\nIf the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 15%\r\n\r\nLateral gradient along the structure: 2%\r\n\r\nVegetation is used for stabilisation of structures."}}], "tech_qg_191": [{"tech_adoption_comments": {"en": "100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support\r\n\r\nComments on spontaneous adoption: estimates", "ru": "100% \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438\r\n\r\n\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438"}, "tech_adoption_quantify": {"en": "NA", "ru": "NA"}, "tech_adoption_spontaneously": "tech_adoption_spont_90_100"}], "tech_qg_222": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs": 165.0}], "tech_qg_223": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs": 15.0}], "tech_qg_225": [{"location_comments": {"en": "\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, 0,5 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430."}}], "tech_qg_232": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs_usd": 165.0}], "tech_qg_233": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs_usd": 15.0}], "tech_qg_235": [{"tech_lu_mixed": 1, "tech_lu_mixed_select": "lu_mixed_mf"}], "tech_qg_250": [{"date_documentation": "15/07/2005"}], "qg_location_map": [{"location_map": "{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1489141624673,\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[69.3784,38.5881]},\"properties\":null}]}"}], "qg_funding_project": [{"funding_project": 15}], "tech_qg__approaches": [{"link_id": "3073"}], "qg_accept_conditions": [{"accept_conditions": 1}], "qg_strengths_compiler": [{"strengths_compiler": {"en": "reduces slope angle and, hence, decreases risk of soil erosion", "ru": "\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "relatively simple to implement", "ru": "\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "moderate establishment costs, low maintenance costs", "ru": "\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "meets household needs for wood for construction\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? trees should be gradually harvested and replaced with new cuttings", "ru": "\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\r\n\r\n\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c? \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438"}}], "qg_funding_institution": [{"funding_institution": 426}, {"funding_institution": 155}], "qg_strengths_landusers": [{"strengths_landuser": {"en": "reduces soil erosion", "ru": "\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u044b"}}, {"strengths_landuser": {"en": "slows fertility decline", "ru": "\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438"}}, {"strengths_landuser": {"en": "15 years after establishment poplar trees can be harvested, their wood is essential for construction and renovation of houses", "ru": "\u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 15 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432"}}], "qg_weaknesses_compiler": [{"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "The poplar trees used to stabilise the structure require irrigation during summer", "ru": "\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434"}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "farm operations hindered", "ru": "\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0445\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0445\u043e\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438"}}], "qg_weaknesses_landusers": [{"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "loss of cropland due to structure, grass strips and trees", "ru": "\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044b"}}, {"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "cultivation using a tractor is impossible due to the type of terrain impeding access", "ru": "\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0445\u043e\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443"}}, {"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "poplar trees require irrigation", "ru": "\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435"}}]}>, 'map_url': '/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1409/map/', 'template': 'raw'}

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

during experiments/ research

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

Agroforestry

Cropland

Annual cropping
Tree and shrub cropping

Annual cropping - Specify crops:

cereals - wheat (spring)
fibre crops - flax, hemp, other
legumes and pulses - peas

Tree and shrub cropping - Specify crops:

pome fruits (apples, pears, quinces, etc.)
stone fruits (peach, apricot, cherry, plum, etc)
tree nuts (brazil nuts, pistachio, walnuts, almonds, etc.)

Number of growing seasons per year:

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 210Longest growing period from month to month: March to August

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): severe water erosion (rills and gullies) and subsequent fertility decline on cropland and overgrazed pastures

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): soil erosion and fertility decline

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: If land is irrigated, then after the wheat harvest there can be immediate cultivation of vegetables

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

mixed rainfed-irrigated

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

agroforestry
cross-slope measure

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

vegetative measures

V1: Tree and shrub cover

structural measures

S1: Terraces

Comments:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour, aligned: -along boundary

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
Wg: gully erosion/ gullying

chemical soil deterioration

Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

prevent land degradation

Comments:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

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Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Терраса с уклоном вперед, укрепленная полосой деревьев и травяными полосами, отводной канал используется для отвода излишков воды вниз по склону
Место расположения: Карсанг. Файзабадский район

Дата: 15.07.2005

Необходимые технические навыки для работников: средний

Необходимые технические навыки для землепользователей: средний

Основные технические функции: сокращение угла откоса, сокращение длины откоса

Вторичные технические функции: контроль рассеивающихся поверхностных стоков: запруда / замедление, контроль над концентрированными стоками: запруда / замедление, контроль над концентрированными стоками: дрена / отводка, улучшение земляного покрова, повышение / поддержание сохранения воды в почве, сокращение скорости ветра

Выравнивание: -контур
Растительный материал: Д: деревья / кустарники
Количество растений на гектар: 200
Вертикальная протяженность полос / рядов / блоков в м : 0.5

Выравнивание: -вдоль границы
Растительный материал: Д: деревья / кустарники
Количество растений на гектар: 200

Мероприятия, связанные с растительностью: выравнивание: контур
Растительный материал: Т: трава
Ширина полос / рядов / блоков (м): 3

Мероприятия, связанные с растительностью: Растительный материал: Т: трава
Мероприятия, связанные с растительностью: Растительный материал: Т: трава

Мероприятия, связанные с растительностью: Растительный материал: Т: трава

Виды деревьев/ кустарников: тополь

Инженерные мероприятия: отводной канал
Глубина канав/ям/дамб (м): 0.1
Ширина канав/ям/дамб (м): 0.2
Длина канав/ям/дамб (м): по всему участку

Строительный материал (земля): почва переносится с террасы

Если естественный склон был изменен в результате применения технологии, то текущее состояние склона: 15%

Уклон горизонтальной поверхности: 2%

Растительность используется для укрепления инженерных сооружений

Location: Karsang. Faizabad Rayon

Date: 15.07.2005

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, improvement of ground cover, increase / maintain water stored in soil, reduction in wind speed

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 200
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 200

Vegetative measure: aligned: contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Trees/ shrubs species: poplar trees

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 15.00%

Structural measure: cut-off drain
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.1
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.2
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): fielding

Construction material (earth): earth moved to form terrace

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 15%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 2%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Author:

Erik Bühlmann, Berne, Switzerland

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

3.00

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	digging of pits for tree planting	spring
2.	planting of poplar cuttings	spring
3.	transplanting of grass clods	spring
4.	construction of terrace	autumn
5.	digging of cut-off drain	autumn

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Building terrace	ha	1.0	80.0	80.0	100.0
Labour	Planting trees	ha	1.0	75.0	75.0	100.0
Equipment	tools	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					165.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					165.0

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	pruning of trees	eraly spring /annual
2.	cutting of grass (grass strips)	summer /annual
3.	irrigarion/watering of trees	summer /weekly
4.	clearing cut-off drain from washed in soil	rainy season/after every rainfall event

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Prunning	ha	1.0	12.0	12.0	100.0
Labour	Cutting	ha	1.0	3.0	3.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					15.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					15.0

Comments:

costs per 100x100m plot, costs increase if longer field boundary is on contour

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall

< 250 mm
251-500 mm
501-750 mm
751-1,000 mm
1,001-1,500 mm
1,501-2,000 mm
2,001-3,000 mm
3,001-4,000 mm
> 4,000 mm

Agro-climatic zone

sub-humid
semi-arid

growing period 180-210 days

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:

flat (0-2%)
gentle (3-5%)
moderate (6-10%)
rolling (11-15%)
hilly (16-30%)
steep (31-60%)
very steep (>60%)

Landforms:

plateau/plains
ridges
mountain slopes
hill slopes
footslopes
valley floors

Altitudinal zone:

0-100 m a.s.l.
101-500 m a.s.l.
501-1,000 m a.s.l.
1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
> 4,000 m a.s.l.

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: Also 501-1,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:

very shallow (0-20 cm)
shallow (21-50 cm)
moderately deep (51-80 cm)
deep (81-120 cm)
very deep (> 120 cm)

Soil texture (topsoil):

medium (loamy, silty)
fine/ heavy (clay)

Topsoil organic matter:

medium (1-3%)
low (<1%)

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility: low - high

Soil drainage / infiltration: medium - good

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:

subsistence (self-supply)
mixed (subsistence/ commercial)

Off-farm income:

> 50% of all income

Relative level of wealth:

average
rich

Level of mechanization:

manual work
mechanized/ motorized

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

5% of the land users are rich and own 15% of the land.
75% of the land users are average wealthy and own 70% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In general, all farmers (including those applying SWC technologies) are highly dependent on off-farm income which in most cases is earned in Russia either by themselves or by their relatives.

Level of mechanization: whenever possible farmer rent tractors for tillage activities. All levels of mechanization are pre-existing.

Market orientation of production system subsistence (self-supply): only surpluses are sold

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

< 0.5 ha
0.5-1 ha
1-2 ha
2-5 ha
5-15 ha
15-50 ha
50-100 ha
100-500 ha
500-1,000 ha
1,000-10,000 ha
> 10,000 ha

Comments:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology also: 0.5-1 ha,

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

state

Land use rights:

leased

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased

increased

Comments/ specify:

due to increase in soil fertility

wood production

decreased

increased

Comments/ specify:

poplar trees gradually harvested for construction purposes

production area

decreased

increased

Comments/ specify:

area occupied by grass strips, barriers and ditches

land management

hindered

simplified

Comments/ specify:

tree barriers impede accessibility with machines

Income and costs

farm income

decreased

increased

Socio-cultural impacts

community institutions

weakened

strengthened

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

excess water drainage

reduced

improved

Soil

soil moisture

decreased

increased

soil loss

increased

decreased

Climate and disaster risk reduction

wind velocity

increased

decreased

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

downstream flooding

increased

reduced

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

Short-term returns:

slightly negative

Long-term returns:

very positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Short-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

Long-term returns:

very positive

Comments:

The terraces were established with the help of bulldozers which is costly, therefore short-term benefits are slightly negative.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

91-100%

Comments:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
reduces soil erosion
slows fertility decline
15 years after establishment poplar trees can be harvested, their wood is essential for construction and renovation of houses

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
reduces slope angle and, hence, decreases risk of soil erosion
relatively simple to implement
moderate establishment costs, low maintenance costs
meets household needs for wood for construction How can they be sustained / enhanced? trees should be gradually harvested and replaced with new cuttings

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
loss of cropland due to structure, grass strips and trees
cultivation using a tractor is impossible due to the type of terrain impeding access
poplar trees require irrigation

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
The poplar trees used to stabilise the structure require irrigation during summer
farm operations hindered

7. References and links

Links and modules

Collapse all

Links

approaches

Voluntary Labour Assistance [Tajikistan]

Voluntary labour assistance for labour intensive activities whereby community members help each other in contributing labour on the basis of mutual understanding.

Compiler: Erik Bühlmann
01/13/2009 midnight

Modules

No modules