Technologies

Water run-off control plan on cultivated land [South Africa]

Watercourses and contours

technologies_956 - South Africa

Completeness: 73%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:
SLM specialist:

Kriel Gys

Provincial Department of Agriculture, North West, Potchefstroom

South Africa

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Dept of Agriculture North West Province (Dept of Agriculture North West Province) - South Africa

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Artificially built watercourses with contour banks with a specific gradient

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Watercourse: According to the topography, one or two watercourses are needed to drain any excess run-off water during high rainfall intensities. A watercourse is built directly downhill. A perennial grass adapted to the specific environment is established in the watercourses. Maintenance requires that the grass must be fertilised according to the climate of the area. Regular (once or twice a year) cutting of the grass is very important to maintain a good grass cover, through which soil erosion in the watercourse can be prevented.

Contour banks: These are built with a gradient to spill the excess water into the watercourse. The purpose of contour banks is to shorten the slope so as to reduce the speed of the water and prevent soil erosion. The maintenance requires keeping the canal in good shape and maintaining the height of the banks.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

South Africa

Region/ State/ Province:

North West Province

Further specification of location:

Lichtenburg

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, specify area covered (in km2):

3.0

If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
  • 1-10 km2
Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 3 km2.

Although the total extent of the farm is 584 ha, only 250 ha plus 50 ha adjacent land was addressed through this technology.

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • through projects/ external interventions
Comments (type of project, etc.):

The contour part came mainly form the USA.
The watercourse part was developed in South Africa.

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
Annual cropping - Specify crops:
  • cereals - maize
  • oilseed crops - sunflower, rapeseed, other
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 180; Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Mar

Comments:

major cash crop: Maize
other: Sunflower

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Cultivating lands without the necessary soil conservation works to prevent soil erosion.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Cultivating the lands preventing soil erosion through plant directions

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • improved ground/ vegetation cover
  • irrigation management (incl. water supply, drainage)

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

agronomic measures

agronomic measures

  • A7: Others
structural measures

structural measures

  • S3: Graded ditches, channels, waterways
Comments:

Secondary measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: contour tillage

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
  • Wg: gully erosion/ gullying
chemical soil deterioration

chemical soil deterioration

  • Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)
water degradation

water degradation

  • Ha: aridification
Comments:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (Agricultural causes - Cultivating land on a step slope without proper conservation practices.), education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of knowledge - How to solve the problem)

Secondary causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Topography; concentrating water in valleys causing soil erosion (steep slopes).), Poor conservation ethic

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Water run-off control plan

Location: Lichtenburg. North West

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, reduction of slope length

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, Maintain soil fertility as less fertilizer are lost by water run-off

Vegetative measure: watercourses
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): seeds 6-8kg/ha

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: C : perennial crops, G : grass

Grass species: Digitaria Smuts, Eragrostis curvula, Cynodom dactylon

Structural measure: bunds/banks: contour
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.3-1.75
Spacing between structures (m): 72-33
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.4
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 4

Construction material (earth): Construction contour banks with soil form the ditches

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0.3%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Author:

Pieter J. Theron

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

rand

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

6.0

4.3 Establishment activities

Activity Timing (season)
1. Established grass in the watercourses After construction according to design specifications
2. Surveying Dry season
3. Construction of contours Any time depending on soil moisture
4. Construction of watercourse Before growing season

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Construction of contours ha 1.0 2000.0 2000.0 30.0
Labour Construction of watercourses ha 1.0 1660.0 1660.0 30.0
Plant material Establish grass ha 1.0 840.0 840.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 4500.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 750.0
If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

50 Contours are constructed on the 250ha Total length of contours = 26.7km In this case the land user received a total amount of R 9042 (1141$) subsidy for the contours.

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Timing/ frequency
1. Building contours and watercourses Any time / Before planting of crops
2. Building contours and watercourses Depending on soil moisture /
3. Maintenance Before planting of crops / Annually
4. Cultivation between contours Depending on the crop / Annually
5. Maintaining a good grass cover Rainy season /Once or more times a year depending on the grass
6. Fertilisation of the grass in the watercourse Rainy season /Once or twice in the rainy season
7. Watercourse, cutting the grass Beginning of rainy season/Annual
8. Contours repairing flood damage Dry season/After heavy rains
9. Contour opening ditches Before planting of cops/Annual

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Comments:

Machinery/ tools: Tractor & plough or a grader

Contours per kilometre. NB currant tariff for subsidy. Watercourse construction per volume soil moved and grass establishing per ha above the current tariff for subsidy from April 1998

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Soil moisture and clay contents

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

Heavy thunder storms in summer

Agro-climatic zone
  • semi-arid

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Comments and further specifications on topography:

Slopes on average: Average slope 2-4%

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • low (<1%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility is medium - high

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - good

Soil water storage capacity is medium - low

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • commercial/ market
Off-farm income:
  • less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • average
Level of mechanization:
  • mechanized/ motorized
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

10% of the land users are very rich and own 100% of the land.
90% of the land users are average wealthy and own 100% of the land (If management is good).

Off-farm income specification: Farmers are dedicated to make a living out of farming, although there are some farmers with an off-farm income such as transport.

Market orientation of production system: Farmers very seldom produce their own food expect for meat.

Level of mechanization: Tractors with modern implement

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, titled
Land use rights:
  • individual

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased

production area

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

When not possible to work on the contour banks

land management

hindered
simplified
Other socio-economic impacts

access to roads

reduced
improved

input constraints

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Short rows when planting crops as contours are not parallel

Socio-cultural impacts

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced
improved

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

surface runoff

increased
decreased
Quantity before SLM:

60

Quantity after SLM:

20

excess water drainage

reduced
improved
Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased

soil loss

increased
decreased
Quantity before SLM:

25

Quantity after SLM:

4

Other ecological impacts

soil fertility

decreased
increased

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

downstream siltation

increased
decreased

groundwater/ river pollution

increased
reduced

dam siltation

improved
reduced

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

Long-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

Long-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • 11-50%
If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

16 percent of all households in the area

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 0-10%
Comments:

15% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

1% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: So little, almost none. The lack in technicians from government promoting this technology and to deliver technical services are the main reasons expect for the poor conservation ethic of the farmers.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Prevent soil erosion

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good regular maintenance
Building up a good layer of topsoil
Effective run-off control of excess rainwater
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Effective erosion control

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Regular maintenance
Improve water infiltration

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good cultivation practices and maintenance of contours
Increase crop yield

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good cultivation practices and maintenance of contours
Prevent off-site siltation

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good maintenance

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
Hampers cultivation Adapt change in cultivation practises
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
Cannot think of any

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

Links and modules

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