Enfoques

Integrated Pasture Management Planning in Mountainous Regions [Georgia]

approaches_5490 - Georgia

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1. Información general

1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación del Enfoque

Persona(s) de referencia clave/s

Especialista MST:
Especialista MST:
co-compiler:
Especialista MST:
Nombre del proyecto que facilitó la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque (si fuera relevante)
Integrated Biodiversity Management, South Caucasus (IBiS)
Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque si fuera relevante)
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

01/02/2016

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT :

1.4 Referencia/s al/los Cuestionario(s) de Tecnologías MST

Permanent grass cover in vineyards
technologies

Permanent grass cover in vineyards [Hungría]

Permanent grass cover under grape vines protects the soil surface against erosion and compaction - and provides better conditions for traffic within the rows during mechanised field operations

  • Compilador: Brigitta Szabó
Remote Sensing as a Tool for Land Degradation Neutrality Monitoring
technologies

Remote Sensing as a Tool for Land Degradation … [Georgia]

Land degradation contributes to biodiversity loss and the impoverishment of rural livelihoods in Tusheti. Above all, however, land degradation are triggered by climate change as traditional land use practise might not be adapted to new climate conditions which can cause or speed up degradation processes significantly. On the other hand, …

  • Compilador: Hanns Kirchmeir

2. Descripción del Enfoque MST

2.1 Breve descripción del Enfoque

The unsustainable use of pastures and forest areas has led to soil erosion, degradation, desertification and loss of biodiversity in the high mountain areas of the South Caucasus. The development of pasture passports is part of a broader approach to a strategic pasture management plan for Tusheti. This showcase includes results from the spatial planning process applied in a pilot programme for Akhmeta municipality.

2.2 Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST

Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST:

Project area and purpose
The project area comprises the Tusheti Protected Areas (PAs) on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountains in Georgia. This group of protected areas consists of a strict nature reserve, a national park and a protected landscape with about 40 villages and settlements. Together they form a total protected area of approx. 114,000 ha. In Tusheti, overgrazing has led, especially in the eastern part with a higher number of villages and roads, to soil erosion and biodiversity loss. Especially the intensive use of summer pastures during the Soviet period resulted in a severe deterioration of the mountain slopes. So far, there are no standards or guidelines for the elaboration of sustainable pasture management plans in Georgia. Pasture passports, as a first step towards sustainable pasture management, document the actual grazing capacity for each pasture unit and serve as a guiding document for shepherds and local stakeholders and as a basis to prepare lease contracts.
Data gathering
As a prerequisite for the development of pasture passports and the calculation of grazing capacity, the type of land cover, the erosion risk and the biomass of the pastureland had to be assessed for each pasture unit. This was done using remote sensing tools in combination with data collected in the field for calibration.
The details on the methodology of the Land Cover & Biomass as well as the Erosion Risk Assessment can be found in the WOCAT technology on "Remote Sensing as a Tool for Land Degradation Neutrality Monitoring" (see link).

Evaluation and Ground Truthing
All interim results have been checked and evaluated by local stakeholders, national experts and experts from local administrations. It was important not only to conduct workshops in seminar rooms but to meet the local stakeholders in the field and to discuss the problems and challenges of pasture management on place in the field. At this workshops all levels of decision makers were included (Ministries, Donor organisations, international and national experts, local administrations and land users). This was important to create a common understanding of the current situation from different perspectives (nature conservation, administration, shepherds ...). The combination of remote sensing with calibration data from the field can be summarised as a very effective method to assess the erosion state in large areas. Neither of the two instruments would be able to provide results in this spatial dimension and quality alone.

Pasture Passports
As part of the spatial planning of Akhmeta municipality, pastureland that can be leased to shepherds was separated from land used as hay meadows, farmland or pastures belonging to the villagers. The resulting map shows land available to the village and land available for lease. To understand the current use of pastureland, farms, livestock numbers and pasture units were assessed. In workshops with the local stakeholders and potential users of the results (shepherds, Tusheti Protected Landscape Administration, Tusheti NP Administration, APA), the design of the pasture passports was developed. Each pasture unit is described on four pages in the pasture passport.

Each pasture unit is described on four pages in the pasture passport: Header: the number (code), total area; content: map of the land cover types, the area of each land cover type, map of available biomass and carrying capacity, name of farmers/shepherds and their livestock numbers using the pasture unit

Spatial Planning Department and Construction Policy (within the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure MRDI), and the Agency of Protected Areas APA (within the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture MEPA), are key stakeholders to use the pasture passports and to further develop and upscale this approach to other protected areas in Georgia. Beside APA, the Tusheti Protected Landscape Administration (TPLA), located within the Akhmeta municipality administration, is the second important user of pasture passports.
The pasture passports are showing not only the boundaries of each pasture unit, but also those areas that must not be grazed because this lands are part of strict protected areas or areas of high erosion risk. This helps shepherds to guide their flocks to the right places and the park rangers to check, if the regulations are respected correctly.

2.3 Fotos del Enfoque

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde el Enfoque fue aplicado

País:

Georgia

Región/ Estado/ Provincia:

Tusheti

Especifique más el lugar :

Entire territory of Tusheti Protected Areas (1100 km²)

Comentarios:

Tusheti is located in the north-eastern of Georgia in the Higher Caucasus bordering Dagestan, Russia. The territory consists of the Tusheti Strict Nature Reserve (12,627 ha), Tusheti National Park (69,515 ha), and Tusheti Protected Landscape (31,517 ha), which includes around 40 villages and settlements.
Full territory of Tusheti Protected Areas (1100 km²)

2.6 Fechas de inicio y conclusión del Enfoque

Indique año del inicio:

2016

2.7 Tipo de Enfoque

  • proyecto/ basado en un programa

2.8 Propósitos/ objetivos principales del Enfoque

Support land use planning and decision-making processes for better management of natural resources, especially pastures.

2.9 Condiciones que facilitan o impiden la implementación de la/s Tecnología/s aplicadas bajo el Enfoque

normas y valores sociales/ culturales/ religiosos
  • facilitan

There is a strong identification of the local communities with the traditional pasture land use and the communities are willing to establish a long-term sustainable land management.

disponibilidad/ acceso a recursos y servicios financieros
  • impiden

Missing financial resources is hindering the implementation of the approach.

entorno institucional
  • facilitan

Good cooperation between the relevant institutions on the national and municipal level enabled a successful implementation. The Agency of Protected Areas (APA) located at the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture (MEPA) and the Tusheti Protected Landscape Administration (TPLA), located within the Akhmeta municipality administration are responsible for contracting lease agreements with shepherds and should not only be able to understand the technology behind the passports but should also have the capacity to handle the technology to be able to adapt the passports if needed (e.g., by changing boundaries of pasture units). For this issue, training workshops with decision-makers and technicians from the MoEPA, APA with TNP Administration and Administration of Akhmeta Munucuaplity with TPLA have been implemented.
Collaboration/ coordination of actors: All relevant national and local authorities that are dealing with spatial or environmental data participated in the workshop to discuss the approach and institutional suitability to host the sensitivity modelSoil Erosion Risk Model.

colaboración/ coordinación de actores
  • facilitan

All relevant national and local authorities that are dealing with spatial or environmental data participated in the workshop to discuss the approach and institutional suitability to host the Soil Erosion Risk Model.

conocimiento de MST, acceso a apoyo técnico
  • impiden

There is a high need for technical infrastructure and strong human capacity development.

3. Participación y roles de las partes interesadas involucradas

3.1 Partes interesadas involucradas en el Enfoque y sus roles

  • usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales

Shephards, local communities

Participation at the workshop/meeting and
making contributions through comments,
suggestions and sharing their analytical point
of view.

  • especialistas MST/consejeros agrícolas

GIS-LAB (Georgian scientific GIS service provider)

National experts on remote sensing and modelling of erosion risk.

  • investigadores

National ecologists from universities

  • ONG

Centre for Biodiversity Research & Conservation (NACRES);
staff and experts from FATPA (Friends Association of Tusheti Protected Areas);
local NGO's

Interviews with local stakeholders, field experts

  • gobierno local

Municipality of Akhmeta and Tusheti Protected Landscape Management

Participation at the workshop where they have given input and made contributions to the topic of technical aspects of the approach.

  • gobierno nacional (planificadores, autoridades)

National Park management and APA (Agency for Protected Areas)

Long term aplication and upscaling on national level.

  • organización internacional

Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)

Funding and supervision of the implementation process.

3.2 Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales en las distintas fases del Enfoque
Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales Especifique quién se involucró y describa las actividades
iniciación/ motivación pasivo
planificación pasivo
implementación interactivo Organized meetings, workshop where stakeholders, local communities discussed different technical methodologies, visited the project communities and evaluated the preliminary result maps of erosion risk in the field.
monitoreo y evaluación pasivo

3.3 Flujograma (si estuviera disponible)

Descripción:

The process of generating pasture passports consists of several phases. The needs and expected content of the pasture management plans was defined in the early stage of the project by the local stakeholders, national experts and involved administrations. The preparation of the pasture management plans was an iterative process between the remotsensing and field sampling results and feedback and input from local stakeholders.

Autor:

Hanns Kirchmeir

3.4 La toma de decisiones en la selección de Tecnología(s) MST

Especifique quién decidió la selección de las Tecnología/ Tecnologías a implementarse:
  • principalmente por especialistas MST en consulta con usuarios de tierras
Especifique las bases que sustentaron la toma de decisiones:
  • la evaluación de conocimiento MST bien documentado (la toma de decisiones se basa en evidencia)

4. Apoyo técnico, fortalecimiento institucional y gestión del conocimiento

4.1 Construcción de capacidades / capacitación

¿Se proporcionó la capacitación a usuarios de tierras/ otras partes interesadas?

Especifique quién fue capacitado:
  • personal de campo/ consejeros
Forma de capacitación:
  • áreas de demostración
Forma de capacitación:
  • workshop with field mission
Temas avanzados:

Evaluation of model results, preliminary result maps of erosion risk in the field, technical implementation of the sensitivity model in Georgia.

Comentarios:

The workshops were combined with field missions to evaluate model results directly in the field. The expert teams went into the project communities and evaluated the preliminary result maps of erosion risk in the field together with local stakeholders.

4.2 Servicio de asesoría

¿Los usuarios de tierras tienen acceso a un servicio de asesoría?

Especifique si servicio proporcionado se realizó:
  • en centros permanentes
Describa/ comentarios:

Located on district level in Telavi

4.3 Fortalecimiento institucional (desarrollo institucional)

¿Se establecieron o fortalecieron instituciones mediante el Enfoque?
  • sí, moderadamente
Especifique el nivel o los niveles en los que se fortalecieron o establecieron las instituciones:
  • local
  • regional
  • nacional
Describa la institución, roles y responsabilidades, miembros, etc.

The results of the approach implementation in Georgia has been summarized by the Programme ”Integrated Biodiversity Management, South Caucasus” and distributed to the experts in Azerbaijan for the further implementation.
Approach and results have been handed over to the local municipality responsible for the lease contracts in the Protected Landscape and to APA, which is responsible for the land use in the national park to integrate them into their pasture management plans.

Especifique el tipo de apoyo:
  • financiero
  • construcción de capacidades/ entrenamiento
  • sharing the concept, approach
Proporcione detalles adicionales:

The concept and approach has been shared with local municipalities and other related experts.
Pilot study financed by GIZ.

4.4 Monitoreo y evaluación

¿El monitoreo y la evaluación forman parte del Enfoque?

Comentarios:

Within the project a basline was drawn with the current livestock numbers, the current available fodder biomass and the current state of erosion.

Si respondió que sí, ¿la documentación se utilizará para monitoreo y evaluación?

Comentarios:

The remote sensing technology enables a sound methodology to compare the state of erosion and the biomass volume based on satelite data after some years with the baseline values from 2017.

4.5 Investigación

¿La investigación formó parte del Enfoque?

Especifique los temas:
  • tecnología
Proporcione detalles adicionales e indique quién hizo la investigación:

National and international ecologists did research on vegetation details and biomass as well as on the remote sensing technology.

5. Financiamiento y apoyo material externo

5.1 Presupuesto anual para el componente MST del Enfoque

Si no se conoce el presupuesto anual preciso, indique el rango:
  • 10,000-100,000
Comentarios (ej. fuentes principales de financiamiento/ donantes principales):

The funds came from the Integrated Erosion Control project which aas launched as part of the Integrated Biodiversity Management, South Caucasus (IBiS) Programme of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)

5.2 Apoyo financiero/material proporcionado a los usuarios de tierras

¿Los usuarios de tierras recibieron financiamiento/ apoyo material para implementar la Tecnología/ Tecnologías? :

No

5.3 Subsidios para insumos específicos (incluyendo mano de obra)

  • ninguno
 
Si la mano de obra de usuarios de tierras fue un insumo sustancial, ¿fue:
  • voluntario?
Comentarios:

There was a questionnaire and land-users shared their information on land-use practice.

5.4 Crédito

¿Se proporcionó crédito bajo el Enfoque para actividades MST?

No

5.5 Otros incentivos o instrumentos

¿Se usaron otros incentivos o instrumentos para promover la implementación de Tecnologías MST?

Si fuera el caso, especifique :

The Agency of Protected Areas (APA) thinks about upscaling the pasture passport method on a national level and establish the approach also in other protected areas of Georgia.

6. Análisis de impacto y comentarios de conclusión

6.1 Impactos del Enfoque

¿El Enfoque empoderó a los usuarios locales de tierras, mejoró el involucramiento de las partes interesadas?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

Through the field visits and workshops, it has involved both experts and authorities, where they have assessed, analysed and given input.

¿El Enfoque facilitó la toma de decisiones basada en evidencia?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

By the assessment of biomass, the carrying capacity of each pasture unit was calculated.

¿El Enfoque mejoró el conocimiento y capacidades de los usuarios para implementar MST?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The perception of the key stakeholders and management towards the importance of biodiversity and ecosystem services has become more positive.

¿El Enfoque mejoró el conocimiento y capacidades de otras partes interesadas?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The implementation capacity of line ministries, their subordinate bodies and of training institutions regarding the management of biodiversity and ecosystem services is improved at the national level.

¿El Enfoque construyó/ fortaleció instituciones, colaboración entre partes interesadas?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

A cooperation between the local Administration of the Protected Landscape (managed by municipality) and the Administration of National Park (managed by national Agency of Protected Areas) was strengthened.

Promoted better coordination of biodiversity and ecosystem services management across sectors based on solid data.

6.2 Motivación principal del usuario de la tierra para implementar MST

  • producción incrementada
  • reducción de la degradación del suelo

6.3 Sostenibilidad de las actividades del Enfoque

¿Pueden los usuarios de tierras sostener lo que se implementó mediante el Enfoque (sin apoyo externo)?
Si respondió que sí, describa cómo:

The remote sensing technology is not available to the land users, but the results (pasture passports) can be used by shepherds and local authorities to adjust the grazing intensity to the maximum carrying capacity of each pasture unit.

6.4 Fortalezas/ ventajas del Enfoque

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
The pasture passports are describing each pasture unit available for lease not only by size but also by the amount of available fodder biomass. This is representing the productivity and the maps are showing the accessibility of the fodder biomass to the livestock. This is essential for a more accurate prize estimation on the value of each pasture compared to old data just giving the size of the pasture unit.
The pasture passports are improving the legal basis for the lease contract. Areas that should not be grazed (strict protected areas, forests, areas of high erosion risk) are clearly shown on the map.
During the preparation process the village related areas and the pastures for lease have been defined and mapped. This leads to clear responsibilities for the different pasture lands.
Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Contribution to the work by local municipalities - the overall results have been handed over to the municipality, responsible for the lease contracts in the Protected Landscape and to APA, responsible for the land use in the National Park.
The remote sensing technology is an objective method to assess the state of the pasture land and can be reproduced at any future time or in other areas of the Caucasus.
The GIS data and databases can support the administrative process of preparing lease contracts and can additionally be used for further research activities.

6.5 Debilidades/ desventajas del Enfoque y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra ¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Informal land use practises are now documented and fixed in lease contracts. That might lead to higher costs (lease) and reduce the profit of the shepherd/livestock owner. It needs to be communicated that long term lease contracts guarantee the shepherds/livestock owner grazing rights for several years. Investments into pasture quality and infrastructure become more meaningful.
Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave ¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The preparation process includes high investment of resources in the first setup of the remote sensing data, field evaluation and database development. It needs special experts and know how. Remote sensing becomes cheaper when applied on large areas. A distribution of field samples across the whole Caucasus range would enable to upscale from the pilot area to a much wider range with less costs per hectare pasture land.

7. Referencias y vínculos

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

  • visitas de campo, encuestas de campo
  • entrevistas con especialistas/ expertos en MST

34 experts have participated at the workshop on remote-sensing tools for erosion control and pasture management in Tusheti.

7.2 Referencias a publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Kirchmeir H. 12/2018: Implementation of an Erosion Risk Assessment tool on pilot regions in the Southern Caucasus. The Programme „Integrated Biodiversity Management, South Caucasus”

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

The European GeoNode system

URL:

http://pegasosdi.uab.es/geoportal/

Título/ descripción:

Monitoring Manual for Highland Pastures in the Caucasus

URL:

https://biodivers-southcaucasus.org/uploads/files/Monitoring%20Manual%20Draft%20ENG_new%20%20amendments%20for%20Georgia_v9_acc.amend.pdf

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