1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación del Enfoque

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque si fuera relevante)

Danida assisted Karnataka Watershed Development Project, Bijapur (Danida assisted Karnataka Watershed Development Project, Bijapur) - India

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque si fuera relevante)

Lok Biradari Trust - India

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT :

Sí

1.4 Referencia/s al/los Cuestionario(s) de Tecnologías MST

2.1 Breve descripción del Enfoque

Participatory approach that includes a package of measures leading to empowerment of communities to implement and sustain watershed development.

2.2 Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST

Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST:

Aims / objectives: The approach adopted under the Comprehensive Watershed Development Project (CWDP) is intended to ensure sustainability of development interventions. This can only be achieved through creating a sense of 'ownership' amongst users, which means involving the community in planning, implementation and management of the interventions. A further, specific objective is to benefit vulnerable sections of the community.

Methods: Various methods are employed to achieve these goals. There is, first of all, awareness generation within the community through exposure visits outside the area, street theatre and video shows. After this comes the formation and capacity building of village level institutions, in particular the Village Watershed Development Committees (VWDCs). Users' groups are also formed. Micro-planning (under a 'village development plan') using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) follows. There are arrangements to ensure participatory execution of the plan, specifying cost and benefit sharing (on average 75%-90% of the work is paid for in cash under this approach). Another important element is to ensure user rights to resources. This entails negotiation with government for rights to produce from common land. Eventually, after initial implementation, management becomes the task of the users' groups: this includes maintenance, distribution of benefits and conflict resolution. The whole process involves NGOs along with government staff in order to achieve better communication all round. The participants have different roles. Government staff (at various levels) provides technical and financial support, as well as assistance towards gaining user rights over resources. NGOs are particularly important in awareness generation and mobilisation, capacity building of village level institutions, and in the process of negotiation with the Government.

Role of stakeholders: The village committee is central in planning and implementation of the village development plan, and in overseeing users's groups. Users's groups are involved in planning, implementation and then resource management. The village assembly helps to identify beneficiaries and users, and to give overall support to the VWDC. An external international donor, DANIDA of Denmark, supports the Comprehensive Watershed Development Project.

2.3 Fotos del Enfoque

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde el Enfoque fue aplicado

2.6 Fechas de inicio y conclusión del Enfoque

2.7 Tipo de Enfoque

• proyecto/ basado en un programa

2.8 Propósitos/ objetivos principales del Enfoque

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (1- Capacity building of communities, 2- Production system)

- create a sense of ownership amongst users. - ensure sustainability of technical and social interventions. - benefit more vulnerable sections of the community, including the poor and women. - involve the community in planning, implementation and management interventions

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: previous lack of consultation/involvement with the community in planning, implementation and management of watershed development interventions

2.9 Condiciones que facilitan o impiden la implementación de la/s Tecnología/s aplicadas bajo el Enfoque

3.1 Partes interesadas involucradas en el Enfoque y sus roles

3.2 Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales en las distintas fases del Enfoque

	Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales	Especifique quién se involucró y describa las actividades
iniciación/ motivación	interactivo	Mainly:public meetings; partly: awareness generation; Community meeting for discussion. Street plays, exposure visits for awareness generation.
planificación	interactivo	Mainly: rapid/participatory rural appraisal; partly: group meeting; Preparation of village plan. Discussion on village plan. Negotiation, Decision making.
implementación	interactivo	responsibility for minor steps; Landusers provide labour, partly subsidized by project. VWDC members involved in supervision & payments.
monitoreo y evaluación	interactivo	measurements/observations; Water levels, migration rates monitored by community with project staff. Gram sabha (Village assembly) meets every 3-6 months to discuss project activity. VWDC meets monthly to take stock.
Research	pasivo	on-farm; studies carried out by project staff.

3.3 Flujograma (si estuviera disponible)

3.4 La toma de decisiones en la selección de Tecnología(s) MST

Especifique quién decidió la selección de las Tecnología/ Tecnologías a implementarse:

• principalmente por especialistas MST en consulta con usuarios de tierras

Explique:

exposure visits' to outside demonstration sites are used as a tool for sensitisation, motivation and awareness raising.

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by land users supported by SLM specialists. Discussion with VWDC,UG.

4.1 Construcción de capacidades / capacitación

¿Se proporcionó la capacitación a usuarios de tierras/ otras partes interesadas?

Sí

Especifique quién fue capacitado:

• usuarios de tierras

• SWC specialists, extensionists/trainers

Forma de capacitación:

• en el contexto de trabajo
• cursos

Forma de capacitación:

• exposure visits

Temas avanzados:

1- Training for VWDC, UG, SHG's to conduct meetings, accounts and book-keeping. 2- Technical trainings. These are provided by government and NGO staff. Training concentrates on participatory approaches and low cost technologies. Capacity building for community groups and land users enables them to participate better in projects and to take ownership of assets.

4.2 Servicio de asesoría

¿Los usuarios de tierras tienen acceso a un servicio de asesoría?

Sí

Especifique si servicio proporcionado se realizó:

• en los campos de los usuarios de tierras

Describa/ comentarios:

Name of method used for advisory service: Multi Disciplinary Teams; Key elements: Field staff drawn from different Govt. line deptt. and NGO's., Village level workers selected locally, paid by the Project through NGOs., Formation, capacity building of village level institutions and farmers.; 1) Advisory service carried out through: non-governmental agency, projects own extension structure and agents; Extension staff: Govt.+ NGO employees 2) Target groups for extension: land users; Activities: Capacity building of village institutions, demonstration of SWC measures, production

Advisory service is quite adequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; The state policies now emphasise the participatory approach. However, aspects like GO-NGO cooperation need to be instutionalised.

4.3 Fortalecimiento institucional (desarrollo institucional)

¿Se establecieron o fortalecieron instituciones mediante el Enfoque?

• sí, mucho

Especifique el nivel o los niveles en los que se fortalecieron o establecieron las instituciones:

• local

Especifique el tipo de apoyo:

• financiero
• construcción de capacidades/ entrenamiento

4.4 Monitoreo y evaluación

¿El monitoreo y la evaluación forman parte del Enfoque?

Sí

Comentarios:

bio-physical aspects were regular monitored through observations; indicators: general parameters

technical aspects were regular monitored through measurements; indicators: water levels in some wells

socio-cultural aspects were ad hoc monitored through measurements; indicators: migration

economic / production aspects were regular monitored through measurements; indicators: yield

area treated aspects were ad hoc monitored through observations; indicators: hectares treated

no. of land users involved aspects were regular monitored through measurements; indicators: attendance at meetings

There were several changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: Several technological changes have taken place as a result of a review: for example feedback on yield data led to crop variety recommendations. Levels of water in wells confirmed impact of the 'sunken structures' (dohs).

5.1 Presupuesto anual para el componente MST del Enfoque

Si no se conoce el presupuesto anual preciso, indique el rango:

• 100,000-1,000,000

Comentarios (ej. fuentes principales de financiamiento/ donantes principales):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (national): 5.0%; international (-): 85.0%; local community / land user(s) (labour): 10.0%

5.2 Apoyo financiero/material proporcionado a los usuarios de tierras

¿Los usuarios de tierras recibieron financiamiento/ apoyo material para implementar la Tecnología/ Tecnologías? :

Sí

5.3 Subsidios para insumos específicos (incluyendo mano de obra)

• equipo

• agrícola

Si la mano de obra de usuarios de tierras fue un insumo sustancial, ¿fue:

• pagado en efectivo?

Comentarios:

As is common in Indian watershed development initiatives, there is a substantial subsidy towards labour involved. under this approach 75-90% of labour input is paid for in terms of cash: the remainder is voluntary contribution

5.4 Crédito

¿Se proporcionó crédito bajo el Enfoque para actividades MST?

No

6.1 Impactos del Enfoque

6.3 Sostenibilidad de las actividades del Enfoque

¿Pueden los usuarios de tierras sostener lo que se implementó mediante el Enfoque (sin apoyo externo)?

• incierto

Si respondió no o incierto, especifique y comente:

1- NGO's will contrinue to visit villages where project has completed bio-physical activities for a period of 2-3 years with a view to provide support and further training to VLI's & communities. Hence it is pre-mature to comment at this stage.

6.4 Fortalezas/ ventajas del Enfoque

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Awareness about SWC increased through street plays, exposure visits. Use of drama preferred to verbal communication. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue, and include visits to successful income generating projects.)
Participatory planning has led to better understanding of resources and possibilities (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The entire village plan should be implemented in defined stages to allow impact to be noted/felt.)
Cost-sharing increases feeling of ownership. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Community contribution should be deposited in the village fund to enable further activities after project moves out.)
Due to village institutions, there is greater decentralisation of ressponsibility and more people are actively involved.
As a result of village fund, interest component remains within the village.
Increased transparency as a result of GO-NGO cooperation. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Less rigidity in roles of GO/NGO staff.)

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Marginalised groups have been identified and given a 'say' (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: NGOs should continue to advise/guide/monitor activities)
Systematic approach to strengthen community participation (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Detailed 'process documentation' to be continued.)
Leadership developed at village level. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: NGO's continue to advise/guide/monitor activities in the village.)
Land users develop a strong sense of ownership of the assets created. (in terms of cost-sharing, a local contribution of up to 25% is high in Indian contexts) (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: There needs to be continued support for 2-3 years after phasing out of bio-physical watershed development activities; also important to build up village funds through a 'community contribution' charge deducted from wages.)
Government system can be strengthened by co-operation with NGOs in watershed management projects (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue dialogue between partners at various levels..)

6.5 Debilidades/ desventajas del Enfoque y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Formation of User group creates conflict with surrounding villages.
Segregation of responsibilities of GO-NGO staff viz. NGO role restricted to community organisation while GO staff deal with technical asspects.	Better integrated teamwork should be the goal.
A 'community contribution' charge is currently deducted equally from all villagers by the project from wages paid	Contribution to be deposited in village fund., Should be a greater voluntary contribution from the richer farmers.
Participation in various meetings at village level is cumbersome for women, resulting in increased pressure from male family members and loss of wages.
Project duration for planning and implementation too short	Increase the timespan to 3 years or more.
Women not adequately involved in exposure visits.	Correct this imbalance/arrange separate visits for women.
Exploitation by middlemen when small farmers market produce not addressed by the project.	Group marketing of produce.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Because of low literacy levels NGO support to village level institutions is required for more than just short-term	Adult literacy classes of sufficient duration are needed.
PRA brings out many social factors that are beyond the scope of the project to influence eg the feudal system	NGOs need to have broadbased activity platforms that can address these issues as they arise.
Shortage of female staff restricts contact with women land users.	Gender sensitization, training for project staff intensified.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Referencias a publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

'Participatory approaches in watershed management- successful experinces' David Gandhi 2002

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Indian Association of Soil Conservation, Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Insti