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Enfoques
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Community Mobilization for SLM Interventions [Bután]

Thuenpa Puenzhi Sonam Detshen

approaches_6835 - Bután

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1. Información general

1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación del Enfoque

Persona(s) de referencia clave/s

Usuario de la tierra:

Tashi Tshering

17618478

Pangserpo Chiwog, Drujeygang Gewog, Dagana Dzongkhag

Bután

Usuario de la tierra:

Pem (B) Tshering

17778420

Pangserpo Chiwog, Drujeygang Gewog, Dagana Dzongkhag

Bután

Usuario de la tierra:

Mo Lungten

17826655

Pangserpo Chiwog, Drujeygang Gewog, Dagana Dzongkhag

Bután

Usuario de la tierra:

Mo Karchang

17643440

Pangserpo Chiwog, Drujeygang Gewog, Dagana Dzongkhag

Bután

Usuario de la tierra:

Pem (A) Tshering

77894830

Pangserpo Chiwog, Drujeygang Gewog, Dagana Dzongkhag

Bután

Nombre del proyecto que facilitó la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque (si fuera relevante)
Strengthening national-level institutional and professional capacities of country Parties towards enhanced UNCCD monitoring and reporting – GEF 7 EA Umbrella II (GEF 7 UNCCD Enabling Activities_Umbrella II)
Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación del Enfoque si fuera relevante)
National Soil Services Centre, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture & Livestock (NSSC) - Bután

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

07/07/2023

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT :

Sí

1.4 Referencia/s al/los Cuestionario(s) de Tecnologías MST

2. Descripción del Enfoque MST

2.1 Breve descripción del Enfoque

Community mobilization in implementing sustainable land management technologies is indispensable in engaging the community to identify their priorities, resources, needs and solutions. It ultimately promotes bottom-up participation and fosters accountability.

2.2 Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST

Descripción detallada del Enfoque MST:

Community mobilization in implementing sustainable land management technologies involves active engagement of local communities in the planning, decision-making, implementation, and monitoring of land management. This approach recognizes the vital role of local communities in managing and conserving natural resources. By actively involving community members, SLM initiatives can be more effective and sustainable in the long-run.
With the objective of promoting a sense of unity and shared responsibility, SLM implementation in Pangserpo Chiwog of Drujeygang Gewog under Dagana Dzongkhag, has been executed through mobilization of a community group called ‘Thuenpa Puenzhi Sonam Detshen’. This group, consisting of 13 members, was initially instituted as a vegetable progressive group in 2018.
The need for SLM came to light when one of the members adopted stone bunds, inspiring the rest of the members. Subsequently, the community group members collectively initiated an SLM programme to address land degradation issues and enhance agriculture productivity. The proven SLM technologies implemented includes stone bunds, terracing, and hedgerows.
The community mobilization approach has built capacity within the community for effective land use and conservation, fostering ownership and securing the longevity of the SLM programme. The bylaws - for instance mandatory active participation of every member in community work - have been successful in upholding the integrity of the initiative, thereby ensuring effective implementation of SLM related activities.
This group mainly consists of women headed households who support each other through a self-help approach. When labour shortage is the major challenge, the self-mobilized group plays a vital role in scaling up SLM interventions and improving their own livelihoods. In most cases of SLM grouping, the groups remain intact until project support is withdrawn, but for the Thuenpa Puenzhi Sonam Detshen, the group is still functional.

2.3 Fotos del Enfoque

Galería de medios

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde el Enfoque fue aplicado

País:

Bután

Región/ Estado/ Provincia:

Dagana Dzongkhag

Especifique más el lugar :

Pangserpo Chiwog, Drujeygang Gewog

Previsualización del mapa

2.6 Fechas de inicio y conclusión del Enfoque

Indique año del inicio:

2019

Comentarios:

The group evolved from the vegetable group to the SLM group as the Chairman observed the effectiveness of stone bunds in land management. He initiated the construction of a stone bund which inspired other land users to adopt SLM technologies such as stone bunds, terracing and hedgerows. The land users are aware of the importance of land management to improve agricultural productivity which ensures sustainability of the approach. Furthermore, it continuously explores the market within and outside the country which motivates the group members to conserve land using the SLM measures.

2.7 Tipo de Enfoque

  • iniciativa local reciente/ innovadora

2.8 Propósitos/ objetivos principales del Enfoque

The central goal of this approach is to foster community interaction and collaboration towards better outreach and implementation of SLM practices

2.9 Condiciones que facilitan o impiden la implementación de la/s Tecnología/s aplicadas bajo el Enfoque

normas y valores sociales/ culturales/ religiosos
  • facilitan

The socio-cultural norms enable the implementation of SLM activities in the community, due to its effectiveness in mitigating land degradation issues, with no negative side impact.

disponibilidad/ acceso a recursos y servicios financieros
  • facilitan

Initially the the government funded Nu. 200,000/- to execute the SLM technologies (stone bunds), later the group became financially stable by collecting fees (Nu.500 per member) from the group members and selling their agricultural products.

entorno institucional
  • facilitan

The community have better access to gewog Renewable Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Development Centre, and National Soil Services Centre for any kind of technical supports related to SLM

colaboración/ coordinación de actores
  • facilitan

The land users collaborated with the Royal Government of Bhutan and Green Climate Fund project members for the execution of the community SLM interventions.

marco de trabajo legal (tenencia de tierra, derechos de uso de tierra y agua)
  • facilitan

The land ownerships for instance are either family or individual, posing no hindrances to adopt any kind of SLM technologies.

políticas
  • facilitan

There is no policies that hinders the SLM intervention in the community

gobernanza de tierras (toma de decisiones, implementación y aplicación)
  • facilitan

The community holds meetings every month to discuss their issues and plans. By-laws were formulated during the initiation of the approach to enable efficient decision-making and implementation of the activities. Additionally, regardless of gender, land users actively participate in the activities that were done as part of the approach.

conocimiento de MST, acceso a apoyo técnico
  • facilitan

The members were well sensitized and trained on SLM and its best technologies by the National Soil Services Centre

mercados (para comprar insumos, vender productos) y precios
  • facilitan

The market for the community is assured through school feeding program linkage (Drujeygang Central School and Pangna Primary Schools).

carga de trabajo, disponibilidad de mano de obra
  • facilitan

The SLM practices such as the construction of stone bunds are laborious. However, the involvement of the community and their labour contribution aids in achieving the implementation of the SLM practices.

3. Participación y roles de las partes interesadas involucradas

3.1 Partes interesadas involucradas en el Enfoque y sus roles

  • usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales

Chairman and community members (land users)

The chairman was involved in initial group formulation by gathering like-minded members, and exploring for input subsidies. Land users are involved in forming a group and cooperating to address the issues, vegetable cultivation, and marketing.

  • especialistas MST/consejeros agrícolas

Gewog/Block and Dzongkhag agriculture offices

In accepting and reviewing the group formation proposal, developing by-laws , sourcing funds, exploring markets, and monitoring.

  • profesores/ niños en edad escolar/ estudiantes

School Administrations

For community group and school feeding program linkages

  • gobierno local

Gewog/Block Administration

In accepting and reviewing the group formation proposal, developing by-laws , sourcing funds, exploring markets, taking the concerns of land degradation to the higher authorities

  • gobierno nacional (planificadores, autoridades)

Dzongkhag Adminstration

Final approval of the group formation and fund sourcing

  • organización internacional

Green Climate Fund (GCF) project

Provision of funds

3.2 Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales en las distintas fases del Enfoque
Involucramiento de los usuarios locales de tierras/ comunidades locales Especifique quién se involucró y describa las actividades
iniciación/ motivación auto-movilización One of the community members who is currently the chairperson adopted a SLM technology, and inspired other members. Subsequently, they further explored to implement SLM technologies in larger scales in the community.
planificación interactivo Both the government and the land users were involved during the planning process. The government provided technical inputs whereas the land users contributed traditional knowledge.
implementación interactivo Both the government and the land users were involved during the implementation of the technologies. Where the government provided technical and financial support along with machineries. The land users contributed labour and farm tools.
monitoreo y evaluación interactivo The community meets every month to engage in self-monitoring and evaluation of the technologies. It is followed by addressing the issues and concerns raised. The Gewog, Dzongkhag, and NSSC also conducts periodic monitoring and evaluation.

3.3 Flujograma (si estuviera disponible)

Descripción:

Flow chart of how any SLM activities are carried out based on the approach.

Autor:

Ongpo Lepcha

3.4 La toma de decisiones en la selección de Tecnología(s) MST

Especifique quién decidió la selección de las Tecnología/ Tecnologías a implementarse:
  • todos los actores relevantes, como parte de un enfoque participativo
Explique:

The community members were sensitized on SLM by NSSC, followed by bottom-up participatory SLM action planning and field based hands on training.

Especifique las bases que sustentaron la toma de decisiones:
  • la experiencia personal y opiniones (no documentadas)

4. Apoyo técnico, fortalecimiento institucional y gestión del conocimiento

4.1 Construcción de capacidades / capacitación

¿Se proporcionó la capacitación a usuarios de tierras/ otras partes interesadas?

Sí

Especifique quién fue capacitado:
  • usuarios de tierras
  • personal de campo/ consejeros
Si fuese relevante, también especifique género, edad, estatus, etnicidad, etc.

All the members (both male and female) were trained.

Forma de capacitación:
  • áreas de demostración
  • reuniones públicas
Temas avanzados:

What actually SLM is, why SLM is important and required, and the best proven SLM technologies that are being implemented in Bhutan.

4.2 Servicio de asesoría

¿Los usuarios de tierras tienen acceso a un servicio de asesoría?

Sí

Especifique si servicio proporcionado se realizó:
  • en los campos de los usuarios de tierras
Describa/ comentarios:

The advisory services on the technology and management were provided to farmers on land users' fields by Agriculture Extension Officers.

4.3 Fortalecimiento institucional (desarrollo institucional)

¿Se establecieron o fortalecieron instituciones mediante el Enfoque?
  • sí, moderadamente
Especifique el nivel o los niveles en los que se fortalecieron o establecieron las instituciones:
  • local
Describa la institución, roles y responsabilidades, miembros, etc.

The institution is known by the name "Thuenpa Puenzhi Sanam Detshen" in the surrounding community. There are 13 members including the chairperson of the group. The chairperson's responsibility is to coordinate and address all community-related activities and concerns. He also oversees the institution's financial planning. The member's job is to cooperate with the chairperson and encourage one another in difficult times.

Especifique el tipo de apoyo:
  • financiero
  • construcción de capacidades/ entrenamiento
  • equipo
  • labour-sharing (Local name: Lagtshab)
Proporcione detalles adicionales:

The institution provides financial aid. Additionally, they engage in labour-sharing (lagtshab) where the land users rotate working on each other's fields to complete the work faster.

4.4 Monitoreo y evaluación

¿El monitoreo y la evaluación forman parte del Enfoque?

Sí

Comentarios:

The monitoring and evaluation are part of the approach. The land users get together once a month to review the activities conducted and plan future activities preventing recurring issues to strengthen the effectiveness of the approach.

Si respondió que sí, ¿la documentación se utilizará para monitoreo y evaluación?

No

4.5 Investigación

¿La investigación formó parte del Enfoque?

No

5. Financiamiento y apoyo material externo

5.1 Presupuesto anual para el componente MST del Enfoque

Si no se conoce el presupuesto anual preciso, indique el rango:
  • < 2,000
Comentarios (ej. fuentes principales de financiamiento/ donantes principales):

The government funded one time during the initial implementation of the technology. However, there is no annual budget allocated for the group now.

5.2 Apoyo financiero/material proporcionado a los usuarios de tierras

¿Los usuarios de tierras recibieron financiamiento/ apoyo material para implementar la Tecnología/ Tecnologías? :

Sí

Si respondió sí, especifique el tipo o los tipos de apoyo, condiciones y proveedor(es) :

They were provided with Nu. 200,000/- to implement the technology through GCF project.

5.3 Subsidios para insumos específicos (incluyendo mano de obra)

  • equipo
Especifique qué insumos se subsidiaron En qué grado Especifique los subsidios
maquinaria parcialmente financiado Power tiller was partly financed by the government. (Farmers and the government split the cost by 50%)
  • agrícola
Especifique qué insumos se subsidiaron En qué grado Especifique los subsidios
semillas totalmente financiado Initially all the seeds were provided by the government later it was stopped as the land users became financially stable to afford the seeds.
  • infraestructura
Especifique qué insumos se subsidiaron En qué grado Especifique los subsidios
Greenhouse parcialmente financiado The government paid 80% of the greenhouse's cost, and farmers paid 20%.
Si la mano de obra de usuarios de tierras fue un insumo sustancial, ¿fue:
  • voluntario?

5.4 Crédito

¿Se proporcionó crédito bajo el Enfoque para actividades MST?

Sí

Especifique las condiciones (tasa de interés el apoyo, amortización, etc.):

The credit was provided to the community members from the group fund of the group without any interest.

Especifique los proveedores de crédito:

Chairperson and assistant

Especifique los destinatarios del crédito :

Group members including the chairperson.

5.5 Otros incentivos o instrumentos

¿Se usaron otros incentivos o instrumentos para promover la implementación de Tecnologías MST?

No

6. Análisis de impacto y comentarios de conclusión

6.1 Impactos del Enfoque

¿El Enfoque empoderó a los usuarios locales de tierras, mejoró el involucramiento de las partes interesadas?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The land users are now empowered and are able to implement SLM technologies on their own, because of capacity built through SLM sensitization and hand-on-training.

¿El Enfoque facilitó la toma de decisiones basada en evidencia?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The approach enabled land users to make evidence-based decisions. For example, the land users grew certain crops to be sold to the local market. However, the members of other communities started growing the same types of crops. Therefore, to reduce market competition the land users opted for different crops that are not grown by other groups. Also, linking with school feeding program was also a best evident decision.

¿El Enfoque ayudó a los usuarios de tierras a implementar y mantener Tecnologías MST?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The group members collectively could source funds for SLM. The technology implementation through labour sharing was possible only due to the group members cohesiveness.

¿El Enfoque mejoró la coordinación e implementación efectiva en costos de MST?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The labour sharing strategy proved best in effective cost management (cost sharing).

¿El Enfoque movilizó/mejoró el acceso a recursos financieros para implementar MST?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The group sourced Nu. 200,000/- for the implementation of SLM technologies. Currently, the group makes Nu. 30,00,000/- a year, which they divide among themselves and save a certain amount to be used to maintain the technologies and as an emergency fund.

¿El Enfoque mejoró el conocimiento y capacidades de los usuarios para implementar MST?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

Capacity built through SLM sensitization, hand-on-training, and implementation.

¿El Enfoque mejoró el conocimiento y capacidades de otras partes interesadas?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The capacities of local government officials were developed, while making their presence during the program.

¿El Enfoque construyó/ fortaleció instituciones, colaboración entre partes interesadas?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

Based on the community's interest and motivation to improve agricultural productivity, other stakeholders are convinced to support and collaborate with them.

¿El Enfoque mitigó conflictos?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The labour sharing mechanism through this approach has mitigated social conflicts especially due to labour shortage.

¿El Enfoque empoderó a grupos en desventaja social y económica?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The group members mainly consists of women headed households.

¿El Enfoque mejoró la equidad de género y empoderó a las mujeres y niñas?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

Both male and female have equal rights to be part of the group. Initially, the group started with an equal number of male and female.

¿El Enfoque alentó a jóvenes/ la siguiente generación de usuarios de tierras a involucrarse con MST?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

Majority of the children are in schools/colleges. But, they somehow get to engage in SLM program during their vacations representing their parents and relatives. Few youth living in the community are also engaged. Hence, the next generation land users are encouraged.

¿El Enfoque mejoró cuestiones de tenencia de tierra/ derechos de usuarios que obstaculizaron la implementación de la Tecnologías MST?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The land ownerships are either family or individual. So, there was no prior issues in land tenure or user rights.

¿El Enfoque resultó en mejor seguridad alimentaria/ mejoró la nutrición?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

Before the community mobilization approach, agricultural activity was mainly for self-consumption. The implementation of SLM with this approach has seen increased agricultural productivity even at this initial stage, leading to market-oriented farming, improved household income, improved food and nutrition security.

¿El Enfoque mejoró el acceso a los mercados?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The approach improved land users' access to the market through school feeding program linkage.

¿El Enfoque llevó a un acceso mejorado a tierra y saneamiento?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The water harvesting technology implemented through the approach provides irrigation water to the land users' fields.

¿El Enfoque llevó a un uso más sostenible/ fuentes de energía?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The SLM technologies implemented by the land users in this community is not very related to the sustainable energy uses.

¿El Enfoque mejoró la capacidad de los usuarios de tierras a adaptarse a los cambios climáticos/ extemos y mitigar desastres relacionados al clima?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

Adverse effects of climate change such as erratic rainfall reduced through SLM, especially due to sloping of agricultural lands.

¿El Enfoque llevó a oportunidades de empleo, ingresos?
  • No
  • Sí, un poco
  • Sí, moderadamente
  • Sí, mucho

The approach has significantly improved the land users' income as the technologies increased cultivable area, improved irrigation and eased farming. All these lead to an increase in agricultural productivity and household income.

6.2 Motivación principal del usuario de la tierra para implementar MST

  • producción incrementada

To have more cultivable lands, and enhance nutrient conservation (Soil loss).

  • incremento de la renta(bilidad), proporción mejorada de costo-beneficio

Large scale vegetable cultivation leading to increased farm income.

  • reducción de la degradación del suelo

To maintain the quality of the soil and land through control of nutrient loss, loss of productive lands, and higher vegetation coverage.

  • carga de trabajo reducida

Enhanced farm mechanization and workability leads to reducing number of labors

  • conocimiento y capacidades mejorados de MST

The land users have had no formal trainings or exposure to SLM earlier.

  • mejoramiento estético

The lands transformed through SLM intervention adds aesthetic value to the community.

6.3 Sostenibilidad de las actividades del Enfoque

¿Pueden los usuarios de tierras sostener lo que se implementó mediante el Enfoque (sin apoyo externo)?
  • sí
Si respondió que sí, describa cómo:

The group is financially stable and has strong cooperation and interaction among the members

6.4 Fortalezas/ ventajas del Enfoque

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
The land users are self-sufficient in vegetables, and improved health and well-being of their families.
The cooperation and interaction among the group members have been enhanced as the approach involves working in a group where they help each other to achieve a common goal.
The approach has made the land users financially stable due to the income generated from selling vegetables.
Due to bulk production in a community, the land users are able to access markets having demand for more quantities of vegetables such as school feeding programmes.
Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
The community has a capable leader, which is important to guide the group in terms of difficulties and prevent failure of the approach.
The agricultural production has drastically increased, especially winter crops leading to reduced import.

6.5 Debilidades/ desventajas del Enfoque y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra ¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The potato production is higher than the market demand Exploring markets beyond the community and local markets
Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave ¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Limited market (Only two schools and few local markets) Explore markets beyond local markets

7. Referencias y vínculos

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

  • visitas de campo, encuestas de campo

Five informants

  • entrevistas con usuarios de tierras

Five land users were interviewed

  • compilación de informes y otra documentación existente

SLM manuals and guidelines

7.2 Referencias a publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Wangdi, K. (2022). Promoting local farm produce in schools. BBS. Retrieved from http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=165872

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=165872

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

National Soil Service Center. (2011). Bhutan Catalogue of Soil and Water Conservation Approaches and Technologies: Best Practices and Guidelines from Bhutan for Sustainable Land Management on Steep to Very Steep Slopes. National Soil Services Centre (NSSC), Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

https://www.wocat.net/documents/140/Bhutan_catalogue_of_SLM_Technologies_and_Approaches.pdf

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

Sustainable Land Managements in Bhutan

URL:

https://www.cif.org/sites/cif_enc/files/knowledge-documents/summary_brief_land_management_bhutan.pdf

Título/ descripción:

Community Participatory Sustainable Land Management Byelaw Formulation in the highland of central Ethiopia

URL:

https://www.ajol.info/index.php/acsj/article/view/101368/90558

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