1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Italia

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

02/06/2011

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Stone faced terraces are commonly constructed on cultivated lands. These are structural measural measures placed along the contour to control soil erosion and trap runoff.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Stone-faced soil bund is constructed during the dry period when the field is free from crops (after crop harvest). Soils in the woreda are light and are easily eroded. A contour line is marked on the ground first and a foundation placing stones is dug. The stone wall is placed in the foundation and the wall is raised until it attains a height of 0.50m at minimum. Then earth is dug on the upslope side by removing soil from it and make an embankment of soil on the upper side to support the stone wall. In the same way the stone is supported by the soil from the upper side. The embanked soil is lightly compacted to avoid collapse. The objective is to control concentrated runoff from causing soil erosion and to retain as much rainwater as possible in the soil for mazimizing crop production. Livestock are not let on the terraced land. Most land users feed their animals tethered. The bund is then stablized by planting grass. The most commonly used grasses for stablizing bunds in the area are phalaris and elephant grass. The purpose is to control runoff and soil erosion from cultivated lands. Grass is planted to stablize the bund and also help in providing fodder for animals. Some land users stablize the stone-faced bunds by planting fruit trees. Fruit trees are often planted at the homesteads for better management and protection. The income obtaoned from fruit trees is high. Sorghum fields are predominantly treated by stone-faced bunds while chat and coffee fields are treated by ridges and basins. Frequent maintenance and upgrading is required until bench is formed. Currently most of the fields in the woreda have a properly stablized terraces and as a result loss of soil and water by erosion is decreasing. Maintenance is done continuously until the structure stablizes well and inparticular after heavy rains, every time after tillage and cropping. The technology is suitable in areas where stones are avialable and soils are light.

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The technology was initially introduced by the extension implementation project of the Ministry of Agriculture and modified in the process of implementing the National Soil and Water Conservation Program in the country in the various phases of the land rehabilitation and afforestation project of the MERETproject (MOARD/WFP)

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Land use problem is the result mainly of high population growth, improper land use and poor farming practices. Land not suitable for cultivation is put under use. Steepslopes on hillsides and mountain escarpments are cultivated. These have resulted in high runoff and sediment movment from the upper catchments which are dominantly devoid of vegetation and no conservation measures practiced.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): land shortage, loss of fertility and soil erosion on lands with no conservation measures.

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: grazing land is seriously shriniking owing

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: sorghum-beans or chat - sorghum, maize-beans

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 240 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - NovSecond longest growing period in days: 150Second longest growing period from month to month: Feb - Jun

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• medida de pendiente transversal

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• 100-1,000 km2

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 80 km2.

Information obtaned from annual activities and achievements reports. But at present the total technology area is more than the amount shown here and estimate is indicated as follows:

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• prevenir la degradación del suelo
• reducir la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: reduction of slope length

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil

Early planting
Material/ species: sorghum, maize, chat
Remarks: on contour and row planting

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: maize-haricot beans, chat-beans
Remarks: row planting and broadcasting

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: land tillage and cultivation
Remarks: contour cultivation

Legume inter-planting
Remarks: contour

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: animal dung and crop residue farming
Quantity/ density: 30-40 t/ha
Remarks: applied in between rows

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: chemical fertilizers (DAP and Urea)
Remarks: broadcasting

Contour tillage
Remarks: along the contour and made by oxen plough

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400-500
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 10 m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3 x 3

Vegetative measure: aligned: contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 5000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 110 m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3 x 0.3

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Trees/ shrubs species: grevillea, cordia

Fruit trees / shrubs species: guava, avocado

Grass species: elephant, phalaris

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 10.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 3.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	seed collection	Vegetativas	dry season
2.	seedling production	Vegetativas	dry season
3.	seedling planting	Vegetativas	during rains
4.	weeding and cultivation	Vegetativas	during rains

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	125,0	125,0
Equipo	Animal traction	ha	1,0	46,6	46,6
Equipo	Tools	ha	1,0	5,5	5,5
Material para plantas	Seeds	ha	1,0	2,8	2,8
Material para plantas	Seedlings	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Fetilizer	ha	1,0	33,3	33,3
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					243,2

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 60 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	primary tillage	Agronómicas	onset of rains
2.	secondary tillage and seed bed preparation	Agronómicas	in the middle of early rains and main rains
3.	weeding and cultivation	Agronómicas	after germination
4.	thinning	Vegetativas	after rains

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	12,5	12,5
Equipo	Tools	ha	1,0	0,5	0,5
Material para plantas	Seedlings	ha	1,0	3,0	3,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Fertilizer	ha	1,0	33,3	33,3
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					49,3

Comentarios:

length of stone faced bunds and the number of trees planted

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Slope: In steep slopes terraces get closer and the length of terrace per unit area /hectar/ increases and this increases the cost of construction. On soils of shallow soils digging becomes tough and this leads to increased costs

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Altitudinal zone: 1501-2000 m a.s.l. (dominant elevation, ranked 1) and 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l. (very small area, ranked 2)
Landforms: Mountain slopes (the dominant landform, ranked 1), foot slopes (dominanatly cultivated lands, ranked 2) and valley floor (mostly cultivated, ranked 2)
Slopes on average: Hilly (planted forestsand shrublands with degraded natural forests, ranekd 1), Rolling ( cultivated lands with perennial crops, ranked 2), moderate (cultivated lands with cereals (sorghum and maize) ranked 3), getnle (cultivated with teff and sweet potato, ranked 3)

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil depth on average: Shallow (soils on mountain slopes , ranked 1), moderately deep (soils on foot slopes, ranked 2), deep ( soils on valley floors, ranked 3) and very deep (soils around homesteads, ranked 3)
Soil texture: Coarse/light (mountain slopes and foot slopes, ranked 1), medium (foot slopes, ranked 2) and fine/heavy (valley floor, ranked 3)
Soil fertility is low (mountain slopes, ranked 1), medium (foot slopes, ranked 2) and high (valley floor, ranked 3)
Topsoil organic matter is medium (impressions: on valley floors of cultivated lands, ranked 1) and low ( impressions:mountain slopes, ranked 2)
Soil drainage/infiltration is good (most of the mountain slopes and foot slopes, ranked 1) and medium (on valley floors, ranked 2)
Soil water storage capacity is low (on mountain slopes because of shallow soils, ranked 1) and medium (on foot slopes and valley floors, ranked 2)

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
(The rich hire labour).
(could get orgainzed in groups for labour sahring).
Off-farm income specification: The rich and average land users get engaged in other non farm activities because they have financial means
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (cereal crop fields are ploughed and cultivated by oxen plough, ranked 1) and manual work (chat and coffee plants are manually cultivated by hoe, ranked 2)
Market orientation of grazing land: Subsistence (self-supply). Animals are predominanatly kept for draft power requiremen and milk production.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• acceso abierto (no organizado)
• individual

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

90 % of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

1150 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

10% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates