1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Kyrgyz Agrarian University (Kyrgyz Agrarian University) - Kirguistán

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

01/01/2004

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Poplars planted to lower the ground water table and reduce salinity
where irrigation drainage systems have broken down; lucerne cultivated between the tree lines.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

In irrigated areas of Central Asia, the drainage system introduced during soviet times has broken down due to lack of maintenance. As a result, water tables have been rising and soil salinity increasing. In the Chui Valley, which is the main crop production area in Kyrgyzstan, approximately 90% of the cultivated land is irrigated for wheat, maize, sugar beet, lucerne and vegetables. Of this, approximately one third (ca. 320,000 ha) is degraded due to loss of fertility, salinisation and waterlogging.
The individual initiative described here - poplar planting - has been applied on a degraded plain (about 400 m a.s.l.), under semi-arid conditions on a plot of 5 hectares. Though initially planted for timber, an important side effect was noted by the farmer in question. Poplar trees, well known for their tolerance to waterlogging and salinity, provide ‘bio-drainage’. Excess water is rapidly taken up by the root system and transpired through the dense foliage. Within the plantation the humidity level of the lower layers of air is increased, thus reducing the influence of the dry, hot winds. A more favourable microclimate for plant growth is thus created. Simultaneously the original purpose of planting - to obtain cheap timber and firewood - is achieved through the rapid growth of the trees: there is a severe shortage of wood locally.
The varieties used include the local Populus alba and Populus nigra as well as a hybrid from Kazakhstan, P. pyramidalis. The trees are planted in rows about 5 metres wide, separated by 10-15 metre strips planted with Medicago sativa (lucerne) and Bromus inermis (a grass), both of which are grown for hay (see technical drawing). Around 3,000 saplings are needed per hectare. The young poplars require irrigating during the first year before their roots can reach the water table. The trees are weeded and their lower branches pruned to encourage straight and fast growth. They are thinned twice before they are 14 years old: these thinnings can be sold. The poplars then remain until they are 20-25 years old and suitable for felling. The output of commercial timber of a poplar plantation is 3,000 m2 per hectare (1 m2 per mature tree). Slow-growing/sick trees, as well as pruned branches, are used as firewood - which can amount to 20-30 m3 per hectare. The cycle begins again after approximately 10 years, when new saplings are planted between the existing, thinned, lines of poplars. Desalinisation of the soil takes 10 years or a little longer, when it again becomes suitable for irrigated cereal cropping.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• durante experimentos/ investigación

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Irrigation drainage systems have deteriorated (silted up, choked with weeds and reeds) due to lack of maintenance. This has led to a raised water table, waterlogging and increased salinity, thus seriously affecting productivity and making cultivation of some crops impossible. Farmers’ incomes have significantly reduced as a result.

Constraints of wastelands / deserts / glaciers / swamps

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 180; Longest growing period from month to month: Mar - Sep

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• manejo de plantación forestal
• cobertura de suelo/ vegetal mejorada

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.05 km2.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Type of agronomic measures: legume inter-planting

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Alternating strips of poplar trees for bio-drainage, and lucerne for fodder. Drainage channels (left) are spaced at 50 metres apart.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: lower ground water level, decrease waterlogging & improve soil fertility, reduce risk of salinisation

Secondary technical functions: reduction in wind speed, increased air humidity & cooling effect

Aligned: -against wind
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Trees/ shrubs species: Poplars (Populus alba, Populus nigra, P.pyramidalis)

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

• dólares americanos

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Set up tree nursery one year before planting: take cuttings about	Vegetativas
2.	Demarcate lines in field.	Vegetativas
3.	Dig drainage trenches in the marshy area (50 cm deep, 50 cm wide,	Vegetativas	(end of summer, early autumn)
4.	Plough where seedlings of the poplars are to be planted.	Vegetativas
5.	Transplant tree seedlings from the nursery to the field .	Vegetativas	in spring
6.	Irrigate the seedlings by furrow for one year.	Vegetativas
7.	Protect the area from animals.	Vegetativas
8.	Plant lucerne .	Vegetativas	in first year after planting of poplars

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	All the Labour	ha	1,0	350,0	350,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Machine use	ha	1,0	100,0	100,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Animal traction	ha	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Equipo	Tools	ha	1,0	15,0	15,0
Material para plantas	Seeds	ha	1,0	20,0	20,0	1,0
Material para plantas	Seedlings	ha	1,0	350,0	350,0	1,0
Material para plantas	Nursery	ha	1,0	80,0	80,0	1,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					920,0

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Prune lower branches of the trees to encourage tall and straight	Vegetativas
2.	Continue protection of the plot (because of lucerne).	Vegetativas
3.	Cut lucerne for hay .	Vegetativas	/4 times per year
4.	Weed control (main weeds are Chenopodium album,	Vegetativas

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	All the labour	ha	1,0	25,0	25,0	100,0
Equipo	Machine use	ha	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					30,0

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: shovel, axe, saw

Labour for establishment and maintenance are provided by the farmer and his family. After 10–15 years trees are
thinned for timber and the cycle begins again – with reduced establishment costs: new saplings are planted between the
existing, thinned, lines of poplars. On two sides the plot is protected by a drainage ditch and a concrete canal protect the plot respectively. Furthermore, there is an agreement with the neighbours not to let the animals graze the lucerne. However after the last cut of lucerne animals are allowed to graze the plot.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil fertility is very low - low

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Off-farm income specification: this individual is an employee of the regional agricultural department and has a small business

Market orientation of production system: Thinned poplar saplings, timber and firewood from prunings for market

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Otros impactos socioeconómicos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

Otros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• casos individuales / experimentales

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

1 household

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: A single farmer has developed this technology. It should be possible to spread the technology among other farmers but financial support (eg interest-free credit) will need to be provided. A recent assessment has showed that there is growing interest in the system by farmers in the region. Additionally, in the lower Yanvan Valley of Tajikistan, a similar bio-drainage system has been described - using poplars and mulberry trees. In that situation wheat is planted in association with the trees.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Positive ecological effect: salinity and area of marshy land can be reduced and waterlogged soils reclaimed How can they be sustained / enhanced? Awareness raising and training of farmers to show the effect of poplar trees on reduction of waterlogging and salinisation.
Rapid benefit through the production of lucerne and grass. Long-term production of valuable firewood and timber (both are in short supply) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Show the economic benefits of additional lucerne production and timber and firewood; demonstrate marketing opportunities.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The implementation of the technology is not possible for all land users due to input and labour constraints	Financial support, better organisation/ share of equipment.
Major benefit from timber production comes only after 25 years	Create awareness about additional short-term benefits, especially firewood and fodder, as well as the long-term effects and the sustainability of the system.
Cannot be replicated by all farmers in the valley at the same density as the market for trees (timber, firewood) will be saturated, and trees can never completely take the place of irrigated food crops: nevertheless the benefits will extend to those growers through the drainage function of the poplars	A new overall production system will have to be worked out for the region.
The case reported here works in its current design because of its isolated ‘island effect’: if more farmer grew poplar, the same bio-drainage effect could be achieved over the whole valley at a lower density of trees per unit area, implying a larger proportion of cultivable land.

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Budaychiev D (2002) The prospects for hybrid poplar forest plantations. Resolving problems and the strategy of reformingagrarian science. News of Kyrgyz Agrarian Academy Vol. 2, Issue 3, 4.1 Bishkek