1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

ISRIC World Soil Information (ISRIC World Soil Information) - Países Bajos

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Soil Conservation Office of Yongchun (SCOY) - China

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Fujian Soil and Water Conservation Office (Fujian Soil and Water Conservation Office) - China

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

16/06/2001

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Rehabilitation of degraded hillsides through the establishment of fruit trees on slope-separated orchard terraces, with bahia grass planted as protective groundcover.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

In this case study orchards were established between 1991 and 1992 on degraded and unproductive hillsides (wasteland), with slopes of 12-45%. This was achieved by constructing level beds on the contour, mainly as continuous slope-separated orchard terraces, but in some cases as individual planting platforms. Terrace construction was generally undertaken by hand using hoes and shovels.

Purpose of the Technology: A typical terrace has a 4-5 m wide bed and a 1.0-1.5 m high riser. Commonly, a raised earth lip (0.3 m high) is constructed on the terrace edge to retain rainwater. The terrace riser walls are not protected. Even before terrace construction there was little topsoil and in some places the upper subsoil had been lost to erosion. The establishment of fruit trees (lychee, Litchi chinensis and longan, Dimocarpus longan) therefore required deep planting holes (1 m3), filled with organic matter/manure, into which seedlings were planted. In subsequent years additional large quantities of organic matter/manure were applied in circular trenches to the side of the trees, succeeding trenches being gradually further away as the trees grew. Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum) was planted for SWC purposes as a cover crop, to stabilise terrace risers and to improve soil fertility. It has not been used for fodder in this case. The germination rate of bahia grass seeds is comparatively low; therefore instead of direct seeding, nurseries were established to produce seedlings. The bahia grass seedlings were transplanted onto the terrace risers and beds (leaving a space around each fruit tree) and on the hillside slopes between the terraces. The grass grew and spread quickly, restoring a protective vegetative cover following terrace construction.

Natural / human environment: The primary overall purpose of the technology was to rehabilitate degraded hillsides through the planting of economically valuable fruit trees. Terracing reduces soil erosion while retaining most of the rainwater. The application of organic matter creates improved rooting conditions, while restoring and maintaining soil fertility. The bahia grass further provides protective groundcover preventing splash erosion, increasing surface roughness, and thereby slowing down runoff velocity, while contributing to the restoration of the soil’s biological, chemical and physical properties. Irrigation ditches dug along the terraces help to reduce erosion further. This project was planned by SWC specialists: around 6,000 families were allocated orchard plots and provided with seedlings at a subsidised price.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The technology comes from the soil conservation theory books and accumulated experiences over years.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Degraded and unproductive hillside slopes (wasteland), with low and declining soil fertility, subject to severe soil erosion
(sheet, rill, gully and mass movement) during periods of heavy and prolonged rainfall.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low fruit yield and little income after consideration of input.

Problems / comments regarding forest use: The farmers\' consciousness of soil conservation are gradually improved and their ability of forest protection are also increased.

Forest products and services: timber, fruits and nuts, nature conservation / protection

Constraints of wasteland (before SWC)

Forest/ woodlands: Also nature conservation / protection

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• mixta de secano – irrigada

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 365Longest growing period from month to month: May - Sep

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• cobertura de suelo/ vegetal mejorada

• hillside stabilizing and restoration

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• 10-100 km2

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 55 m2.

This is a part of the comprehensive development of Shan Huxi small watershed.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, structural measures

Secondary measures: management measures

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), land tenure (land subdivision)

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes), poverty / wealth (lack of captial), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Fruit trees on slope-separated terraces with a spacing of 5-8 metres between (dependent on slope). Terrace risers and beds are protected by the fast spreading bahia grass (right): note a grass-free space is maintained around each tree.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, reduction of slope angle, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility, control of dispersed runoff

Secondary technical functions: increase of surface roughness, increase / maintain water stored in soil, improvement of soil structure

Agronomic measure: organic matter application

Vegetative measure: aligned trees
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Vegetative measure: dispersed grass
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 6

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Fruit trees / shrubs species: longan, lychee

Grass species: bahia

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 16.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 12.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 9.00%

Terrace: forward sloping
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1-1.5
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 4-5

Construction material (earth): Using earth for the construction can reduce investment.

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 25%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 20%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 6%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:20

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Other type of management: Changing land use patterns - Mountain and hilly areas closure for recover of the forest and grass.

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

• dólares americanos

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	2.On each terrace one line of fruit trees was established. Deep planting	Vegetativas	winter of 1991
2.	2.Fruit tree seedlings were planted. Spacing between trees was	Vegetativas	spring of 1992
3.	3.Bahia grass was transplanted onto the terraced hillside	Vegetativas	spring of 1992
4.	Terraces were constructed by hand.Soil was excavated from the upper portion of the terrace and used to build up the lower portion behind the terrace riser wall to create a level platform (bed). Part of the excavated soil was used to build a terrace lip.	Estructurales	winter of 1991
5.	land preparation for the grass planting	Estructurales	winter of 1991
6.	hill closure	Manejo	Nov. 1999

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Voluntary and paid	ha	1,0	840,0	840,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Bahia transplants	ha	1,0	435,0	435,0
Material para plantas	Fruit tree seedlings	ha	1,0	350,0	350,0	60,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	fertilizer	ha	1,0	145,0	145,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	compost/manure	ha	1,0	70,0	70,0	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					1840,0

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

NA

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	2.Digging trenches by the side of the fruit trees and filling with organic	Agronómicas
2.	prune, fertilize, pest control for the fruit trees of Longan and Litchi	Vegetativas	spring, autumn and winter /3 times/year
3.	grass plantation, fertilizaion	Vegetativas	spring and summer /3 times/year
4.	Filling any gaps in the bahia grass.	Vegetativas
5.	In the first 1–2 years maintenance also involves replacing any fruit tree	Vegetativas
6.	Weeding around the trees.	Vegetativas
7.	Repairing terraces damaged by storms.	Estructurales	after raining season/4 times/year
8.	regular inspection and management	Manejo	Jan. 1991 / 6 times/year

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Voluntary and paid	ha	1,0	144,0	144,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Bahia transplants	ha	1,0	58,0	58,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Fruit tree seedlings	ha	1,0	36,0	36,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	fertilizer	ha	1,0	84,0	84,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	biocides	ha	1,0	10,0	10,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	compost/manure	ha	1,0	44,0	44,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					376,0

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

NA

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: hoe, shovel

For establishment: 200 person days for terrace construction, 100 for digging pits and planting trees, 50 for transplanting
bahia grass. For maintenance: 15 person days for terrace maintenance, 40 for digging organic matter trenches, 5 for
bahia grass gap filling. The SWC department produces bahia transplants in nurseries; these are then distributed to the
farmers.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

steep slope and lots of civil work.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• no relevante

5.3 Suelos

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: < 0.5%

5% of the land users are very rich and own 10% of the land.
40% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land.
50% of the land users are average wealthy and own 45% of the land.
5% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: off-farm income is mainly from factory labour

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• arrendamiento

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Otros impactos socioeconómicos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Otros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• más de 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

6593 Households (56 percent of the area)

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 10-50%

Comentarios:

88% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

5755 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

12% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

784 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There is a slow spontaneous adoption of the technology, based on the fact that bahia grass is remarkably helpful in controlling soil erosion.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
An increase in vegetative cover reduces erosion, improves the ecological environment, increases soil fertility and organic matter content, improves How can they be sustained / enhanced? Control weeds and fertilize well.
The combination of structural and vegetative measures has a quick impact on reducing soil erosion and preventing mass movement on hillside slopes How can they be sustained / enhanced? ncrease the vegetative cover and improve soil properties through the addition of plenty of organic matter/manure.
Improved land management practices bringing back degraded wasteland sites into economic production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Demonstration and extension while also improving the enabling legislative environment.
Editors’ comments: In China, large areas of degraded hillsides have been brought back into production by constructing terraces on which fruit trees are planted. In this example the technology has been further improved through planting of bahia grass, as a groundcover, to restore the structure and increase the soil organic matter. On a much smaller scale a case of degraded land conversion is presented from Tajikistan.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Orchard development can extend too far up the slope, onto steep mountain sides	Reserve the upper slopes for forest, and restrict orchards to the lower slopes.
Potential competition for water and nutrients between the bahia grass	Clean weed (bahia grass included) in the area immediately around the fruit tree.
Increase in farm income becomes very positive only after fruit trees start	Consider replacing bahia grass with a more palatable perennial fodder plant to improve farm income in the short term.
Low germination rate of bahia seeds	Expand experimental studies (seed treatments, cuttings, taking splits, etc).

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Acceptance Materials of Shan Huxi Small Watershed.. 2001.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Soil Conservation Office of Yongchun County