1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Action Green Heritage (Action Green Heritage) - Sudáfrica

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

01/04/1999

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Stone walls and re-vegetation (planting of indigenous trees) = Rehabilitation

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

For the pilot project loose stones and sometimes concrete walls that work well were used. It is not more expensive than gabions, because a trucker is needed for gabions and it is labour intensive. Wire is also often stolen off the gabions.
The following steps were followed in this technology:
The areas are fenced, barricades (gabion like structure) erected, and planting done. Rehabilitation and environmental education was the overall purpose. Severe erosion dongas can be improved and used for controlled grazing.
The request came from the Communities, they would like to make money and make land available for Nature reserves (it is seen as a status symbol). Hunting by professional hunters and meat for biltong. The excess game goes to hunting (local) and the meat is sold to the community at a lower price. Very little poaching or damage to the fences occurs.
Looking after the fences, roads, gabions and water points (infrastructure) are all part of the maintenance. The Nature reserves are actually surrounded by villages, but there are no problems of people going into the Reserves.
The areas are classified as Nature Reserve - Savannah woodlands (Acock’s veld type: 19), Nebo - transitional zone between 61 and 18 (Acock’s veld type 61) and Sekhukuhne as mixed bushveld (Acock’s 19).

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• conservar el ecosistema

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Overpopulation (big pressure on veld), poor veld management (overgrazing), poor people. Population density most important factor.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Not enough land, or water for basic needs, agricultural development. Infrastructure was in place in 1964, Government did a lot of training, but there is not much left of anything.
Before the new Government (from 1990) things went downhill. People unsure about their future.

Ranching: Game

Grazingland comments: Trend towards ecotourism, more positive reaction to it.

Type of grazing system comments: Trend towards ecotourism, more positive reaction to it.

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Feb

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• nature conservancy system

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• 10-100 km2

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is Nebo Distr km2.

Former homeland area, communal grazing. SWC technology could also be applied outside of the Nature reserves. Big part of the Northern Province is similar to this area.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main measures: management measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures, structural measures

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing, other human induced causes (specify) (Agricultural causes - Poor land-use practice), poverty / wealth (Lack of captial)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Soil types, especially in the eastern areas), education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of knowledge), Lack of enforcement of legislat./authority (Becoming a bigger problem (is already a problem))

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

Comentarios:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope angle

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 150

Trees/ shrubs species: Tree species: adapt technology – no soil. Bigger holes, cattle manure (local available) and mixed

Other species: Botusantes speciosus, Peltophorum africanum Mainly this two species, also some Figus ingens

Structural measure: gabion

Construction material (stone): Started with big one and made it smaller (job creation)

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Fencing the area off

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Rand

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

6,0

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Dig a hole	Vegetativas
2.	Plant the seedling	Vegetativas
3.	Watering	Vegetativas
4.	Collecting stones	Estructurales	Before rainy season
5.	For concrete structures, fix it on the side (dig in)	Estructurales
6.	Fencing the area off	Manejo
7.	Reintroducing of game (Government paid for this)	Manejo

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Construction of gabions and planting	ha	1,0	3100,0	3100,0
Equipo	Machine use	ha	1,0	210,0	210,0
Material para plantas	Tree seedlings	ha	1,0	625,0	625,0
Material de construcción	Fencing	ha	1,0	210,0	210,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					4145,0

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Watering	Vegetativas	For some months /
2.	Bring loose stones back after very heavy storms	Estructurales	Rainy season/Once a year

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Comentarios:

5ha, concrete was used; land was given by the community, it was not possible to use it for something else (before rehabilitation); in other cases government paid 100% for the nature reserve and the pilot project

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Got funding only for a part of the area for one year. Then in the next year more funding, but never sure if enough funding will be available.
5 ha at Chuniespoort more expensive (concrete walls used). The costs for the community are the given land they couldn’t used for grazing anymore.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Slopes on average: Gentle for Potlake and rolling for Nebo

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil depth on average: Very shallow in Mantrombi, except behind the gabion and deep in Nebo

Soil texture: Coarse especially behind gabion

Soil fertility is low for Mantrombi, except silt deposit and medium for the rest

Topsoil organic matter is low for Mantrombi, but improving and medium for the rest

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is low for Maandagshoek, medium for Potlake and good for Nebo

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

(shop owners, doctors, etc).
40% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land.
60% of the land users are poor and own 60% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Working people are in towns, people who are living in the rural areas are children, women, and old people.

Market orientation of production system: Trends towards ecotourisme, more positive reaction to it. Game meat always popular, and becoming more regularly available to community. If it is available, they will go for it. Set area apart.

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• comunitaria/ aldea

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Otros impactos socioeconómicos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Otros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Nature Reserves a possible income

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Reduce siltation for whole catchment (dam build in 1965 silted up in ±20 years!)
For recovery of vegetation and made wasteland available again for grazing
Retain water for aquifer and household uses.
Nature Reserves: Increase in biodiversity & income for community.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
High cost for fencing etc.
Soil conservation project – temporarily loss of land