1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Italia

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

26/04/2000

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Erosion control by use of physical barriers and vegetative materials

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The innovation comprises control of gully erosion by use of constructed barriers (check dams) combined with vegetative materials. The end result is a stabilized gully that is prevented from advancing further. The system also involves fruit trees/banana establishment and fodder grass planting for structure stabilization. Establishment of the technology involves excavation of pits, planting fruit trees/bananas and grass cuttings.

Purpose of the Technology: This is a structural measure that is vegetated for stabilization. Its purpose is to rehabilitate a gully bed, through control of concentrated runoff by reduction of slope length and both trapping of runoff and sediment harvesting. The productive use of the innovation is mainly for perennial crops (fruit trees and
bananas) and for fodder production.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Earth check dams are constructed in the gully, using borrow spoil from square pits in the walls of the gully (see diagram). The earth embankment of the dams are then stabilized with grass. Pawpaws are planted on the original gully floor. Initially the innovator left the pits empty: now she plants bananas in them.The 5 check dams, each 1 m or more in height, are spaced at about 10 m apart in the gully. The excavated pits are about 1 m x 1 m wide and 1 m deep. Four pits are dug separately on each side of each check dam. Makarikari grass (Panicum coloratum var. makarikariensis) is used for stabilization, while bananas and pawpaws are planted within the rehabilitated area. When it rains, runoff generated from the neighbouring plots upstream flows down and is slowed by the check dams. The runoff passes around both wings of each embankment, filling and flowing through the pits. Sediment is trapped in the pits. Excess runoff flows on to the second embankment, then through the
second set of pits and so on. Only during heavy rains does water pass through and out of the system, though its velocity is reduced. Thus the gully heals slowly with time and vegetation becomes established. Regular maintenance work is required, involving repair of broken sections from time to time, using
manual labour with a panga, shovel and jembe. Also of importance is manure application every season to the planted areas before the rains to sustain fertility and thus productivity.

Natural / human environment: Kalekye Mutua is a single household head in her mid thirties. Although she has no partner to help support her three children, she manages quite well through farming her 6 hectares of land - where she grows various crops and keeps a few local cattle. She had a small trading venture but has recently abandoned
this. Kalekye is not amongst the poorest in Mwingi, but represents a number of female-headed households who prosper through hard work and enterprise. In fact she even employs labourers part-time to help with the farming activities.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace más de 50 años atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• como parte de un sistema tradicional (> 50 años)

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

farmers own intiative

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): soil erosion, overgrazing, declining soil fertility

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): low yields

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 60 Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Dec Second longest growing period in days: 75 Second longest growing period from month to month: Mar - May

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• cobertura de suelo/ vegetal mejorada
• cosecha de agua
• diversión y drenaje de agua

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

Comentarios:

a very small portion of the individual farm is covered by the technology

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: structural measures

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Gully under reclamation: note flow of runoff

Kenya

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard

Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope angle, improvement of ground cover, increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Fruit trees / shrubs species: pawpaws

Perennial crops species: bananas

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 10.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 5.00%

Construction material (earth): Local soil excavated from pits on the side of the gully

Construction material (other): Grass for stabilization Makarikari grass prefeered

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 10%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 8%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

kenya shillings

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

70,0

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	digging banana holes	Vegetativas	dry season
2.	acquisition of grass cuttings	Vegetativas	dry season
3.	acquisition of banana cuttings	Vegetativas	before
4.	planting of grass and bananas	Vegetativas	onset of rain
5.	manure application	Vegetativas	before the rains
6.	Excavation	Estructurales	Dry season

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	repair of broken structures	Vegetativas	after rains /seasonally
2.	weeding	Vegetativas	during rains /twice /season
3.	banana prunning	Vegetativas	after rains /biannually
4.	manure application	Vegetativas	dry season /annually
5.	Repair of broken sections	Estructurales	during /after rains/seasonally
6.	Stabilization with grass	Estructurales	during rains/when required

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Comentarios:

1100 banana/ fruit trees holes/ha

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

slope, soil type, timeliness of operation

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is low

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

1% of the land users are very rich and own 10% of the land.
4% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land.
25% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land.
30% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.
40% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: the are few members of the household who are in formal employment

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, sin título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• casos individuales / experimentales

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

1 household

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 90-100%

Comentarios:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Kalekye only started the innovation two years ago, and while there has been a policy of taking women’s groups to visit Kalekye, this is a relatively recent occurrence (starting approximately a year ago). Despite the visitors obviously being inspired, there have been no reports as yet of direct adoption of the technology.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Reclamation of land for production of fodder and bananas How can they be sustained / enhanced? Possible improvements would include planting improved fruit trees that are rapidly maturing and yield more: grafted mangoes for example

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
High labour requirements

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Farm Management handbook of Kenya Vol II

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Ministry of Agiculture, Nairobi

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Kithinji M., Critchley W. 2001. Farmers' initiatives in land husbandry: Promising technologies for the drier areas of East Africa. RELMA Technical Report series no. 27