1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Nepal

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

06/06/2006

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

A method for increasing the productivity of rice by changing the management of plants, soil, water, and nutrients.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) was developed in Madagascar by Henri de Laulanie, in the 1980s. He worked with Malagasy farmers and colleagues to improve the possibilities of rice production. The practice contributes to both healthier soil and healthier plants, supported by greater root growth and the nurturing of soil microbial abundance and diversity. It is based on a number of well-founded
agro-ecological principles. SRI concepts and practices have also been successfully adapted to upland rice.
SRI involves transplanting very young rice seedlings (usually 8-12 days old with just two small leaves) carefully and quickly so as to cause minimum disturbance to the roots. The seedlings are planted individually, in contrast to the traditional method where clumps of 3-4 are planted together, minimising root competition between the seedlings. The seedlings are kept widely spaced to allow better root and canopy growth, in a square grid pattern at a spacing of at least 25 x 25 cm. Planting can be done even wider at 30 x 30 or 40 x 40 cm and even up to 50 x 50 cm
in the best quality soils.
The soil is kept moist but well drained and aerated to support increased biological activity. A small quantity of water is applied during the vegetative growth period following which a thin layer of water is maintained on the fields only during the flowering and grain-filling stages. Better quality compost, such as well decomposed farmyard manure, can be applied to achieve additional yield increases. Since weed growth will be more abundant and will be a problem in fields that are not kept flooded (and because of the wider spacing), weeding needs to be done at least once or twice in the first 10-12 days and a total of three or four times altogether before the canopy closes.
SRI does not require additional inputs like new seeds, chemical fertiliser or pesticides, but it does require the skilful management of the factors in production and, at least initially, 25-50% more labour inputs, particularly for the transplanting and weeding. As farmers become more skilled and confident in SRI, the amount of labour needed decreases and can eventually become the same or even less than with
conventional methods.
SRI is being tried out by farmers in many areas of Nepal’s middle mountains including in the Jhikhu Khola watershed. This area has an altitude of 800-2200 masl, and receives about 1200 mm annual rainfall, about 70-80% in the monsoon months (June to September).

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

Madagascar

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Limited production due to soil fertility decline, increased amount of agrochemical inputs and lack of sufficient irrigation water and irrigation infrastructures.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Decreased production, lack of irrigation facilities and increased amount of chemical fertilizers.

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• mixta de secano – irrigada

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 3

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• medidas pos-cosecha

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

Comentarios:

This was the first year of on farm research cum demonstration on the farmers field after the trial in the research station. Six farmers tested SRI in 2003. It was tested in Panchkhal, Hokse, Bhimsensthan,
Baluwa, and Patalekhet VDCs.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main causes of degradation: urbanisation and infrastructure development (poor irrigation infrastructures), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (uneven distribution of precipitation throughout the year), land tenure (population growth, separating famility members from a household.), labour availability (out migration for a off-farm employment)

Secondary causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (Weak institutional collaboration), poverty / wealth (lack of government subsidy on agricultural sector), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of sufficient discussion with concerned technicians and experienced farmers.)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

In the SRI method young seedlings
(8-12 days old) are planted singly
at a wide spacing of 25 x 25 cm
or more

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improved plant management, improved soil management, improved water management

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Planting method, irrigation method and soil fertility management is carriedout differently compare to traditional method.

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

• dólares americanos

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 0 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Application of fertilizer	Manejo
2.	Application of pesticides ( if required)	Manejo
3.	Transplantation	Manejo	monsoon, 8 to 12 days after seed sowing /
4.	Irrigation of the mainfield ( to keep fields alternately dry and moist)	Manejo	vegetative period / weekly after transplantation;
5.	Weeding	Manejo	vegetative period / 3-4 times; first within 10 day
6.	Harvesting	Manejo	October/November /
7.	Nursery bed preparation, seed treatment and sowing	Manejo	Beginning of monsoon /
8.	Main field preparation ( ploughing and leveling)	Manejo	Beginning of monsoon /

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Maintaining field	Persons/day	353,0	2,1	741,3	100,0
Equipo	Machin use	ha	1,0	136,0	136,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Seeds	ha	1,0	4,0	4,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Fertilizer	ha	1,0	94,0	94,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Biocoides	ha	1,0	56,0	56,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					1031,3

Comentarios:

labour: person -day, cost of agrochemicals
All costs were estimated in 2006.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Due to increased off-farm employment trend , there is lack of manpower for field operation, which increases the labour cost .

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Landforms: Also hill slopes

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil depth on average: Variable

Soil fertility is very low - low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - poor

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Availability of surface water: Maximum during rainy season (June to september), starts decresing from October reaching minimum in April/May

Water quality (untreated): Poor more in rainy season (June- September), less in April/May, but otherwise good drinking water

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

15% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land.
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land.
50% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily

Level of mechanization: Manual labour for planting, irrigation, harvesting, animals are used for field preparation and machines as well but in the valley bottom.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Otros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	no muy bien
tormenta de viento	no muy bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	no muy bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	no muy bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	no muy bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

If rice fields need to be established, the short-term establishment costs and the benefits realised are about the same. However, most farmers already had rice fields and therefore the benefits are more than the costs.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• más de 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

35 households in an area of 10 ha

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 90-100%

Comentarios:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

35 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Farmers are adopting the SRI method carefully and slowly by at first only putting small areas under SRI and then
slowly increasing the area planted.

SRI is an innovation rather than a technology. It is gaining popularity all over the world. Increased yields of 50-100% have been reported in most places where it has been tried. The practice is gaining popularity in Nepal especially in the eastern Terai plains.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Compared to the traditional method, SRI consumed 50 to 75% less water, 75% less seed, 50% less labour for transplanting, 50-60% less labour for irrigation, and less pesticide; the cost of fertiliser and harvesting remained the same, thus the overall cost of production is the same or a little less How can they be sustained / enhanced? More experience sharing would help expand the area under SRI
40-50% more grain production and 20-25% increase in above ground biomass production compared to traditional method How can they be sustained / enhanced? Experience sharing would help expand the area under SRI
Lodging is observed less due to longer root in case of SRI
Conflict over water during irrigation time reduced

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
SRI method saved time required for irrigation, reduced disease and pest attacks, and reduced lodging problem. How can they be sustained / enhanced? More research is required to calculate exact amount of water saving.
SRI method improved soil environment and reduced rates of riser collapse How can they be sustained / enhanced? Impact of long-term soil nutrient balance has yet to be studied
SRI method saved seed
Cost of production was same or little less compared to traditional method.
Compared to traditional method, grain yield nearly doubled in SRI without additional external inputs. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Emphasis should be given on understanding the process involved in SRI , not just obtain information about the net benefits.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Compared to traditional method, cost for weeding is 50-60%.higher and the first weeding is difficult.	Overall cost remains the same. A simple low cost mechanical weeder can lower the cost of weeding in the long run..
Compared to traditional method, transplanting young seedling , maintaining the spacing and handling young seedling is difficult.	Confidence building is essential, this can be achieved by practicing it 2-3 times.
Transporting delicate seedlings from the nursery beds to the field and transplanting it requires proper skill.	More practice is required.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Water control is most difficult part of this method; to maintain alternate dry and moist field conditions, water needs to be available at 5 - 6 day intervals.	There needs to be good irrigation infrastructure or a perennial source of water to irrigate rice fi elds regularly
Transplanting 8-12 day old seedlings, especially under rainfed conditions, is quite diffi cult. Seedlings become old and unfi t for transplanting when there is no rain during the transplanting time	Establish two to three nursery beds at intervals of one week
This method is only suitable for smallholder farmers, in most countries it is not adopted on a large scale.	Involvement of national departments and local institutions and wider sharing of its proven benefi ts is vital to upscale the innovation.

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

IRRI International Rice Research Institute, www.irri.org.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

ICIMOD (2007) ‘Good Practices in Watershed Management, Lessons Learned in the Mid Hills of Nepal. Kathmandu: ICIMOD

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

ICIMOD

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Uphoff, N. (2004) ‘System of Rice Intensification Responds to 21st Century Needs’. In Rice Today, 3 (3):42