1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Mekelle University (Mekelle University) - Etiopía

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

11/11/2012

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

These consist of stone embankments built in the shape of a semi circle with the tips of the bund on the contour and are arranged in staggered orientation in rows so that overflow from one row will run into the next downslope.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Large semi circular stone bunds are constructed by excavating a foundation of 0.1 - 0.2 m following the semi circle and building of the embankment using stones with a decreasing height at the tips to evacuate excess runoff. 1 - 3 pits are excavated within the semi circle for for planting trees.

Large semi circular stone bunds (Large half moons) are constructed with a diameter of 6 m and corresponding perimeter/length of 9.42 m. The spacing between the tips of adjacent bunds within a row and between the base bund and tip of adjacent rows is 3 m. The height of the embankment varies from 0.5 - 0.75 m at the base bund to 0.4 - 0.5 m at the tip while the corresponding width varies from 0.4 - 0.5 m to 0.2 - 0.3 m. The planting pit has a diameter and depth of 0.3 m.

Purpose of the Technology: Large semi circular stone bunds assist in decreasing slope length, runoff velocity and soil loss; and improving runoff harvesting, soil moisture and groundwater recharge.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The establishment of large semi circular stone bunds involves collection of stones, alignment of a contour and the semi circle, excavation of foundation, construction of the embankment and digging of planting pits and runoff harvesting ditch. The maintenance includes re-enforcing the embankment and dredging sediment from runoff harvesting ditch during the dry season.

Natural / human environment: Large semi circular stone bunds are implemented in foot (5 - 8%) and hill (8 - 16%) slopes and in medium and light soil types of shallow to moderate depth (0.2 - 0.8 m). It reduces runoff amount and velocity thereby decreasing soil loss and desertification/land degradation. It also improves soil moisture availability and groundwater recharge.

It is mostly constructed using communal labour and there is a moderate trend of spontaneous adoption. The technology is witnessed to be increasing fruit and fodder production thereby improving the livelihood of the land users. It, however, demands high labour especially during establishment.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Deforestation, soil erosion, overgrazing, decline of soil fertility and productivity.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Decrease soil moisture, drought, soil erosion, decrease fodder production and shortage of fuel wood.

Plantation forestry: Deforestation

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts, grazing / browsing, nature conservation / protection

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 150 Longest growing period from month to month: June - November

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• medida de pendiente transversal
• manejo de agua subterránea

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• 10-100 km2

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main measures: structural measures

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wo: offsite degradation effects, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Steep topography), population pressure

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, overgrazing, droughts, land tenure, poverty / wealth, education, access to knowledge and support services

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo
• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

Comentarios:

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Large semi circular stone bunds are stone embankments built in the shape of a semi circle with the tips of the bund on the contour and are arranged in staggered orientation in rows so that overflow from one row will run into the next downslope.

Location: Tigray. Kilte Awlaelo

Date: 10/10/2014

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope length

Secondary technical functions: increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, increase of biomass (quantity)

Bund/ bank: semi-circular/V shaped trapezoidal
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0.2 - 0.3
Spacing between structures (m): 3
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5 - 0.75
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4 - 0.5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 9.42

Construction material (stone): The embankment of the semi circular bunds is constructed by the stones.

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 6.5 and 12%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Birr

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

18,0

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Collection of stones, contour and semi circle alignment, excavation of foundation, construction of bunds and excavation of planting pits and water storage ditch.	Estructurales	January - May

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	3667,0	3667,0	60,0
Equipo	Tools	ha	1,0	75,0	75,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					3742,0

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Replacement of displaced stones and dredging of planting pits and storage ditch	Estructurales	January - May

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	117,0	117,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					117,0

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: Line level, tape meter, digging hoe, shovel, hammer

The cost was calculated for a semi circular bund of 6 m diameter, spacing between the tips of adjacent bunds within a row of 3 m and spacing between a base bund of one row and the tip of the next row of 3 m. This arrangement results in a construction of 2.5 bunds over 94.5 square meter area and a total of 264 bunds per ha.

The construction of one large semi circular stone bund and excavation of the planting pits and runoff harvesting ditch requires 5 person days during establishment while maintaining it needs 0.2 person days.The cost calculation rates apply to 2012. Accordingly, the daily labour wage is 40 Birr for light work such as sediment dredging and 50 Birr for medium work such as stone collection.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Labour, slope, stone availability and size.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Slopes on average: An average slope of 6.5% is taken for moderate/foot slope and 12% for hill slope.

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil depth on average: Shallow (ranked 1) and moderately deep (Fruit tree plantation on deeper soils, ranked 2)
Soil fertility is low (medium soils, ranked 1) and very low (Light soils, ranked 2)
Soil drainage/infiltration is poor (ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2, Drainage is restricted by the soil depth)
Soil water storage capacity is medium (Medium soils, ranked 1) and low (light soils, ranked 2)

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

10% of the land users are rich and own 10% of the land.
60% of the land users are average wealthy and own 55% of the land (35 Birr/day/person).
30% of the land users are poor and own 35% of the land.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)
• individual

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

2820

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 10-50%

Comentarios:

70% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

1880 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

30% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

940 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Increased vegetation coverage and fruit and fodder production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continuous maintenance of the structure.
Reduced soil erosion and increased soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continuous maintenance of the structure.
Increased spring discharges downstream How can they be sustained / enhanced? Continuous maintenance of the structure.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Decreased slope length, reduced runoff amount and velocity and soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintenance of bunds and runoff harvesting ditch.
Increase in rainwater harvesting, soil moisture and groundwater recharge How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintenance of bunds and runoff harvesting ditch.
Increase in fruit and fodder production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Proper agronomic management
Reduced maintenance requirement compared to bunds made of soils How can they be sustained / enhanced? No action needed, as is inherent to technology

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Damage to structures constructed at foot slopes if the hillside is not well conserved	Conserve the upper catchment first.
Increase labour requirement	Mass mobilization and/or increased incentives to households. Reducing the size of the structure.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Poor design approach (the same diameter and spacing for different slope ranges)	Improve the design approach.
Increased labour demand	Mass mobilization and improving the design.
Reduced farm land	Increasing the spacing and reducing the dimension of bunds without compromising their effectiveness.

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Staff members of the Kilte Awlaelo Wereda Office of Agriculture and Rural Development

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Carucci, V. (2000). Guidelines on Water Harvesting and Soil Conservation for Moisture Deficit Areas in Ethiopia:the productive use of water and soil. First draft manual for trainers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Lakew, D., Carucci, V., Asrat, W. and Yitayew, A. (2005). Community Based Participatory Watershed Development: A guideline. Part I, first edition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.