1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Italia

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Rwanda Agriculture Board (Rwanda Agriculture Board) - Ruanda

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Locally referred to as ‘radical terracing’, the method involves earth moving operations that create reverse-slope bench terraces which have properly shaped risers stabilized with grass or trees on embankment to avoid collapse.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

In Rwanda, a unique method of back-slope terracing originally introduced by missionaries growing wheat in the Northern Province in the 1970s, has been widely adopted by smallholder farmers in many parts of the country. The farmers are careful to isolate the topsoil, then they re-work the subsoil to create the required reverse-slope bench, after which the topsoil is spread over the surface. The riser is planted with short runner grass for stabilization, all within the same day. Radical terracing is usually done manually with hoes and shovels, mostly by communal group-work involving hundreds of farmers (see left photo). Thus, a hillside can be terraced in one day. Where radical terraces have been constructed, the effects have been dramatic, achieving optimum water and soil conservation on slopes exceeding 50%, while adoption rates have been quite extensive. This high adoption of radical terracing is related to the existing policies and programs such as land consolidation, land management and crop intensification programs. These policies/programs boost the use of radical terraces by providing farmers more opportunities to easily access inputs such as improved seeds and manure for increasing the productivity of constructed radical terraces. Recent studies (e.g. Fleskens, 2007, Bizoza and de Graaff 2012 and Kagabo et al. 2013) assert that radical terraces in the highlands of Rwanda are only financially viable when the opportunity cost of labour and manure are below the local market price levels and when agriculture area on these radical terraces can be substantially intensified. Ten to 30 metric tons of manure (organic) are required to restore the soil fertility of newly established radical terraces.

Purpose of the Technology: In Rwanda, radical terraces are principally designed (1) to reduce soil losses through enhanced retention and infiltration of runoff, (2) to promote permanent agriculture on steep slopes and (3) to promote land consolidation and intensive land use.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Newly established radical terraces should be protected at their risers and outlets, especially in the first or second year of the establishment. After establishing a terrace, a riser is shaped and grasses or shrubs/trees are planted soon after. Napier grass is commonly planted and is used as forage for livestock. Risers on radical terraces are seen as a new production niche of forage as a result of land shortage and a strict zero grazing policy.

Natural / human environment: Radical terraces have the potential of improving farmers’ livelihoods and increasing the resilience of a degraded environment.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

• Government

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The Government introduced it through local leaders and agronomist. It was established in 2004

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion due to high runoff on the steep slopes, deforestation, intensive cultivation and lack of suitable land management methods.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low crop production, soil erosion and lack of fodder

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 120; Longest growing period from month to month: September- January; Second longest growing period in days: 90; Second longest growing period from month to month: March - June

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• medida de pendiente transversal

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 10.3 km2.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wo: offsite degradation effects

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, overgrazing (Grazing and fodder), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Extreme topography: steep slopes in many cases over 50%), population pressure (High density (in rural area over 400 inhabitant per ha))

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Use of cooking energy (fire wood)), poverty / wealth (Farmers have low income and have less access to off farm income or remittances), education, access to knowledge and support services (High rate of irriteracy)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

The farmers are careful to isolate the topsoil, then they re-work the subsoil to create the required reverse-slope bench, after which the topsoil is spread over the surface. The riser is planted with short runner grass for stabilization, all within the same period.

Location: Nyamirama. Kayonza/West/Rwanda

Date: 2013

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Special training should be provided to field staff to be able to make an adequate design)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Land users are required to only implement the technology under the supervision of field staff)

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase of infiltration

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 2000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 4
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2

Grass species: Pennisetum

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 35%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 0%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0%

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 2
Spacing between structures (m): 4

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 20-50%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 0%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Rwandan francs

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

640,0

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Cuttings of grasses	Vegetativas	Rain season
2.	Transport of grass cuttings	Vegetativas	Rain season
3.	Planting of grass cuttings	Vegetativas	Rain season
4.	Land surveying (slope determination, soil structure and texture analysis)	Estructurales	any time
5.	Construction of bunds (risers) with soil from upper and lower sides	Estructurales	dry season
6.	Level terraces bed (surface soil moved from upper to lower part of terraces)	Estructurales	dry season
7.	cutting subsurface soil, leveling and refilling surface soil	Estructurales	dry season
8.	Make lips on edges of terraces	Estructurales	dry season
9.	Compact risers	Estructurales	dry season
10.	Plant grasses including agro-forestery trees.	Estructurales	rainy season
11.	Input/ application of farmyard manure and liming	Estructurales	rainy season

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Cuttings of grasses	persons/day/ha	2,0	1000,0	2000,0	60,0
Mano de obra	Transport of grass cuttings	persons/day/ha	10,0	1000,0	10000,0
Mano de obra	Planting of grass cuttings	persons/day/ha	20,0	1000,0	20000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Land surveying (slope determination, soil structure and texture	persons/day/ha	6,0	20000,0	120000,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Lime	kg/ha	2500,0	40,0	100000,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Famyard manure	kg/ha	30000,0	5,0	150000,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Mineral fertilizers	kg/ha	300,0	500,0	150000,0
Otros	Labour: Construction of bunds	persons/day/ha	100,0	1000,0	100000,0
Otros	Labour: Level terraces bed	persons/day/ha	250,0	1000,0	250000,0
Otros	Labour: Cutting subsurface soil	persons/day/ha	250,0	1000,0	250000,0
Otros	Labour: Make lips on edges of terraces	persons/day/ha	10,0	1000,0	10000,0
Otros	Labour: Compact risers	persons/day/ha	50,0	1000,0	50000,0
Otros	Labour: Plant grasses including agro-forestery trees	persons/day/ha	50,0	1000,0	50000,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					1262000,0

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Weeding	Vegetativas	Before crop planting/each cropping season
2.	Manure application	Vegetativas	Before crop planting/annually
3.	Grass streaming	Vegetativas	Throughout the year
4.	Cleaning of channels and drains	Estructurales	through out the year
5.	Regular repair of destroyed risers	Estructurales	through the year

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Weeding	persons/day/ha	5,0	1000,0	5000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Manure application	persons/day/ha	10,0	1000,0	10000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Grass streaming	persons/day/ha	2,0	1000,0	2000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Cleaning of channels and drains	persons/day/ha	10,0	300,0	3000,0	100,0
Otros	Labour: Regular repair of destroyed risers	persons/day/ha	6,0	333,3333	2000,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					22000,0

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: Small hoes and machete, Hoes, machete, spade, A.fram, macako and meters.

The cost is calculated using the rate of US dollars at present time and were estimated according to the cost of construction of one radical terrace. At present the labor is 1.6$ per day. This was calculated on 25/07/2011.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Factors that affect the cost are labor, soil structure and slope

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is low - medium

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Water quality (untreated): Good drinking water available but very far to fetch.

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

75% of the land users are poor and own 60% of the land.
25% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, sin título
• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• acceso abierto (no organizado)
• comunitarios (organizado)

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

Otros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	no muy bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	no muy bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	no se sabe
land slides	no muy bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• más de 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

150 households covering 75 percent of stated area

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

140 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

10 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The real advantages of the technology are observed after 5 to 6 years with good maintenance of structures

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
It reduces soil runoff How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good maintenance of structures

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
It controls soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? There is a need to plant grasses or trees on risers to stabilize terraces
It increases soil water holding capacity How can they be sustained / enhanced? Organic manure should be added to the terrace to effectively increase the soil water holding capacity.
It increases fodder availability as new niches for fodder production are created. How can they be sustained / enhanced? High value nutritive fodder should be planted (napier grass, calliadra, tripsucum, etc.) on risers
It increases crop productivity How can they be sustained / enhanced? Terraces should be well maintained by providing more inputs and regular maintenance of bench struactures

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
It reduces the cropped land	Farmers should be supported in accessing high value crops and inputs to maximize crop yield.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The establishment of radical terraces is expensive	The construction of radical terraces should be subsided by the government.
The initial soil structure is disturbed (lost of soil organic matter)	Heavy investments are needed to replenish the soil fertility, especially by adding organic manure.
The establishment of radical terraces decreases cropped land.	Grow high value crops and use adequate quantity of inputs.
With poor maintenance or poor design of radical terraces, landslides may occur.	To be much more rigorous in the design and implementation/development of terraces by making sure that professionals are involved in the whole process of establishing terraces.

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Kagera TAMp project website

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/en/