1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Songliao Water Resources Commission (Songliao Water Resources Commission) - China

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

28/02/2013

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

A Rat tunnel is a kind of subdrainage. It is a drainage duct formed through extrusion or oscillation in soil layer by pulling a mole plough with a tractor. The rat tunnels in a field should be used together with a concealed conduit drainage system in order to safely and quickly drains the water in the rat tunnels and avoid field collapses incurred by poor drainage and washings on the rat tunnels.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Rat tunnels are suitable for the regions with sticky and heavy soil, thick soil layer, and lower infiltration rates, high underground water level and where waterlogs are very likely to happen. By applying the rat tunnels, infiltration can be increased, soil salinization can be prevented without affecting the growth of the crops and occupying croplands. Good effect can be achieved by combining rat tunnels with closed conduits in application. Closed drainage refers to burying the drain pipes underground and letting the underground water flow along the fissures between the pipes and penetrate into the tubes and drained. In a field, if rat tunnels and closed conduits are combined for use, the rat tunnels constitute the first-grade drainage system, the closed conduits constitute the second-grade drainage system; the stagnant water in the plough layer penetrates through the soil and rat fissures and converges into the rat tunnels; While draining the water inside themselves to the outside, the rat tunnels collect the inside stagnant water and guide the water into the closed conduits, through which the water is discharged. In this way, the surface water can be discharged in a relatively thorough way.

Increase of soil infiltration, rapid discharge of direct surface runoffs, prevention of soil salinization.

In building such a project, the closed conduits should be built first, followed by the building of the rat tunnels; the closed conduits should be under the rat tunnels, the included angle between a closed conduit and a rat tunnel should be 90°.
The gap between two neighboring laid closed conduits should be 50m-100m. The burying depth of a closed conduit should be 80cm-90cm, the area around the closed conduit should be evenly laid with a layer of coarse gravels 5-8cm in thickness. After the project on the closed conduits in a field is accomplished, restore the flatness of the field surface, then undertake the operation on the rat tunnels.
In building the rat tunnels, a tractor is directly applied to pull the mole plough in accordance with the designed distances. When the tractor moves forward, the mole plough goes deep into a specified depth(generally 60cm) of soil layer and generates through piercing the soil along the direction of the forward motion of the tractor a tunnel(rat tunnels) whose diameter is equal to bullet diameter and which is in parallel with the ground surface. The separation distance between two neighboring rat tunnels is 1-5m. The service life is generally 2-5 years. If the rate of flow of a field obviously decreases, new rat tunnels should be built by averting the original routes.
After a rainfall, check whether the rat tunnels have collapsed. The service life of the newly laid closed conduits is over 20, however, new rat tunnels should be built every two years.

Rat tunnels are mainly distributed on the Three River Plain, which is the largest marsh distribution area. It has a total population of about 8.625, with the population density being about 79/km2. With the annual average temperature being 1℃-4℃,being warm in summer with the average temperature being over 22℃, having an annual amount of precipitation of 500-600 mm with the rainfall seasons mainly concentrated in the hot seasons from June to August, the Three River Plain is suitable for the growth of crops. The area is affluent in water resources, with the total quantity reaching about 18.764 billion/m3. In this area, the per capita cultivated land area is about 5 times of the average level in China. There are also about 2.52 millions of theropencedrymion distributed in the terrains with low mountains and hills.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• 10-50 años atrás

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• durante experimentos/ investigación

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): high underground water level, lower infiltration rates,Soil salinization
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): It's hard to drainage excess water. Lower soil fertility

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 150, Longest growing period from month to month: From April to September

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• diversión y drenaje de agua

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• > 10,000 km2

Comentarios:

This technology is widely used in San Jiang Plain.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Causes of degradation: soil management (Backward management modes), change of seasonal rainfall (The rainy seasons mainly focus on summer), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (The land can't drainge the excess water after downpours), population pressure (Population pressure makes extensive cultivation in this region), land tenure (As the lands are owned by country or by peasant communities, the peasants will not protect their land initiatively.), education, access to knowledge and support services (The channels for the local peasants get knowledge are few, and they will not learn knowledge initiatively.), governance / institutional

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Diameter of closed conduit: 6-8cm, separation distance between two neighboring closed conduits: 50-100m, burying depth: 80-90cm: Diameter of rat tunnel: 5cm, separation between two neighboring rat tunnels: 1-5m, depth: 35-100cm(generally being 60cm). If the depth of the rat tunnels is >60cm, the depth of the closed conduit should be adequately increased.
Location: Hong Xing Farm. Hei Longjiang Province
Date: 2012-7-19

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high
Technical knowledge required for land users: high (It's complicate to constructe this technology)

Main technical functions: increase of infiltration
Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan), improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water

Structural measure: Closed conduit
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0
Spacing between structures (m): 50-100
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 8-9
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.06-0.08
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): >50

Structural measure: Rat tunnel
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0
Spacing between structures (m): 1-5
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.05
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): >50

Construction material (other): A closed conduit is a kind of corrugated plastic conduit with the diameter generally being 6-8cm and
Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 0%
Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Ren Min Bi

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

6,25

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Layout the line of Closed Conduit	Estructurales	Spring
2.	Laid closed conduits	Estructurales	Spring
3.	Build rat tunnels.The tractor is directly applied to pull the mole plough in accordance with the designed distances.	Estructurales	Spring

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	labour	ha	1,0	64,0	64,0
Equipo	first machine	ha	1,0	224,0	224,0
Equipo	second machine	ha	1,0	24,0	24,0
Material de construcción	corrugated plastic conduit	ha	1,0	640,0	640,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					952,0

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Build rat tunnels.	Estructurales	every two years

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Equipo	second machine	ha	1,0	24,0	24,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					24,0

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: Mole Plough, refer to the photo of technical drawing.
The accounted costs for each hectare are as follows: Depth, diameter and spacing on closed conduit: being 90cm, 8cm and 80m respectively, the closed conduits with a total length of 200m are required for each hectare. 1. Costs of closed conduit laying: Tractor cost is 224$US ; Expense of the conduit materials is 640$US; Labor expense is 64$US. 2. Costs of rat tunnel building: Machinery cost: 24$US/hectare (the operation efficiency: 30 hectare/day). No maintenance cost. However, new rate tunnels should be built with the same costs(24$US) every 2 years. The service life of the closed conduits is over 20 years.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The most determinate factors is the cost of corrugated plastic conduit.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: < 0.5%
10% of the land users are very rich.
45% of the land users are rich.
35% of the land users are average wealthy.
10% of the land users are poor.
Off-farm income specification: Apart from farming, the main works of the local people involve doing works for others in cities and towns or doing business.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado
• comunitaria/ aldea

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Comentarios:

The lands are owned by country or by peasant communities.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	bien
tormenta de viento	bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• más de 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

95% of all households

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

This technology only be implemented by farmers, because it's too expensive for peasant to afford it. If farmers implement the technology, the local government will organization peasants to help farmers, the government pay for the wages.
A few of land users will implement the technology without any external material support.
There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Fast drainage of surface water
Prevention of soil salination

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
New rat tunnels should be built every two years

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Complicated in construction, big investment	seeking other substitutes

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Techniques standard for comprehensive control of soil erosion in the black soil region, Author: Shen Bo; Meng Lingqin, Years: 2009

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Internal book