1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Manual of Good Practices in Small Scale Irrigation in the Sahel (GIZ )

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - Alemania

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

01/07/2012

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Embankment dams are built to retain rainwater without totally blocking the flow of water, enabling the irrigation of a part of the plain.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The installation of earth embankment dams in lowland areas comprises the following elements: 1) a compacted earth embankment, 100 to 450 metres in length; 2) a side spillway built with rubble or cyclopean concrete, 40 to 75 metres in length and connected to the embankment with lock walls; 3) a spillway stilling basin of loose stones; 4) dam height of up to five metres and a crest width of up to four metres; 5) a pond upstream of the embankment dug up to three to four metres deep for storing water throughout the dry season and, thereby, ensuring supplies for watering animals, market gardening and fish farming.

Embankment dams retain water in the basin for several months after the end of the rainy season, which can be used for watering livestock and crops off season; and they help raise the water table, which makes well water more easily accessible (at a depth of one to five metres). These dams are used for both controlled and free submersion.
The side of the embankment is about one metre higher than that of the side spillway. When the water level reaches the height of the side spillway, water flows down through the structure and continues along the riverbed on its normal route downstream. In-season rice growing is carried out both upstream and downstream of the dam. Upstream growers farming areas peripheral to the reservoir are advised to use varieties of floating rice or those that can withstand prolonged flooding. The seedlings for this kind of rice must be sown before the reservoir fills with water.
At the end of the growing season, the water is retained in the reservoir for watering animals and for fishing. Market gardening activities are carried out along the entire length of the river, with water being extracted from dug wells (sumps two to six metres deep).
In Mali, there are around 15 schemes in place in the circles of Sikasso, Kadiolo, Bougouni and Yanfolila, covering more than 1,000 hectares and benefiting 1,500 rural families. In these areas, more than 60% of rice growers are women. More than 100,000 head of cattle are watered each year from the reservoirs. The very large quantity of stored water considerably increases the potential to use land for vegetable and tree growing.

Local people formulate the requirement and negotiate with the commune on the investment programme; they identify the rules of access and set up the farming cooperatives and management bodies. The commune plans investments and assumes overall control of the construction work, delegates management to users, and validates the farming rules and oversees their correct application. Consultancies carry out the socio-economic, environmental and technical studies (scheme design, plans, models), draw up the invitation to tender document and support the tender selection process, and monitor and inspect works. Technical services oversee the application of technical and environmental standards and participate in ensuring sound financial practices (collection, financial control, public service concessions). Contractors carry out the construction work. The project team provides training (planning, social engineering, studies involving farmers, etc.), advisory support (organisation of users, formulation and validation of rules, area development plan, plan to develop and exploit value chains, selection of suitable crop varieties, management delegation procedures, procedures for securing land titles, etc.) and co-financing.
The users are divided up into management and maintenance teams and their respective responsibilities are clearly defined prior to the interim and final acceptance of works.

This type of scheme is effective in areas with good rainfall levels and in lowland areas where the water table is not very low. It is important to select lowland areas with the potential to store a substantial volume of water (topographic basins). This type of scheme works best in southern areas of Mali with 1,100 to 1,200 millimetres of precipitation per year.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• 10-50 años atrás

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

Since 2003, by HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): aridification, loss of water

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• mixta de secano – irrigada

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: August-November

Densidad del ganado (si fuese relevante):

1-10 LU /km2

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• Manejo de irrigación: (incl. provisión de agua, invernaderos)
• diversión y drenaje de agua
• manejo de agua superficial (manantial, río, lagos, mar):

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 10 m2.
In the Sikasso region; in 15 or so communes within the circles of Kadiolo, Sikasso, Bougouni and Yanfolila. Around 1,000 hectares.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main causes of degradation: over abstraction / excessive withdrawal of water (for irrigation, industry, etc.), droughts

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high
Technical knowledge required for land users: low
Main technical functions: increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, water harvesting / increase water supply
Secondary technical functions: increase of infiltration

Spillway
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 40-75

Dam/ pan/ pond
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3-4

Wall/ barrier
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 4
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100-450

Structural measure: spillway stilling basin of loose stones

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

CFA Franc

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

512,0

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Local people formulate the requirement and negotiate with the commune on the investment programme; they identify the rules of access and set up the farming cooperatives and management bodies	Estructurales
2.	Contractors carry out the construction work	Estructurales

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	maintenance of the dam	Estructurales

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The cost of a scheme stands at around 40 million CFA francs (77838 Dollars) for between 10 to 80 hectares (0.5 to 4 million CFA francs per hectare (972-7780 Dollars)).

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: < 10 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
10% of the land users are rich.
50% of the land users are average wealthy.
30% of the land users are poor.
10% of the land users are very poor.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Comentarios:

The irrigated land is allocated by the chief

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	bien
tormenta de viento	bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
In Mali, there are around 15 schemes in place in the circles of Sikasso, Kadiolo, Bougouni and Yanfolila, covering more than 1,000 hectares and benefiting 1,500 rural families. The technique has now been mastered by a number of local companies. No dam has failed in the last eight years.
The technology has also been successfully adopted in northern Côte d’Ivoire.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
At the community level, larger revenues are being generated.
The works are not overly complex from a technical point of view and can be delivered at a reasonable cost.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
The scheme has enabled irrigable areas to be rehabilitated and extended. agricultural intensification is possible year round, providing several harvests. Farming yields have doubled, or even tripled, due to the availability of water supplies and the technical support that continued up until the end of works. High-added-value vegetable crops have been produced.
The water table has risen and rises to the surface at times. The wells located in the lowland basin no longer dry up.
Watering livestock is not difficult and the pastures in the catchment basin are larger because of the dam. Grazing animals stay in the area longer and produce manure. Moreover, fees are collected for the watering of livestock.
Fish have returned, along with crocodiles; both having previously disappeared from these village areas. There has been a five-fold increase in the volume of fishing activities, catches and trade.
Greater levels of biodiversity and vegetation have been observed in the vicinity of schemes.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Installation requires the use of bulldozers and compactors, equipment that is not always available from local companies.	It is essential for regulatory and arbitration mechanisms to provide support in these areas throughout the process.
The initial request for a scheme is sometimes drawn up by a specific group of users who may not take into account the full range of functions offered by the scheme: indigenous livestock rearing, transhumant livestock rearing, rice growing, tree growing, market gardening, fishing, brickmaking, etc.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Manual of Good Practices in Small Scale Irrigation in the Sahel. Experiences from Mali. Published by GIZ in 2014.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://star-www.giz.de/starweb/giz/pub/servlet.starweb

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Intercooperation, Sahel Delegation (2008): Les aménagements de bas-fonds dans le bassin cotonnier de Sikasso. Expérience du programme Jékasy. [Developing lowland areas in the Sikasso cotton-growing basin. The Jékasy programme’s experience.] Intercooperation, Sahel Delegation: Capitalisation des experiences du programme Jékasy en gestion des ressources naturelles et aménagements des bas-fonds. [Capitalising on the experiences of the Jékasy programme in managing natural resources and lowland schemes.] Rapport Collecte de données sur la valorisation des ouvrages réalisés dans le Pôle de Bougouni sur le financement APEL [Data collection report on developing the value of APEL-funded schemes carried out in the Bougouni Hub] – Bougouni, April 2013