1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Thünen Institute (Thünen Institute) - Alemania

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

CC-LandStraD - Alemania

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

29/07/2015

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Re-wetting of organic soils and following adapted management suitable for wet conditions like extensive grazing land or paludiculture.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

In peat lands, formed over centuries, reducing the ground water level leads to min-eralization: this results in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and leaching of dis-solved organic nutrients into adjacent water bodies. Furthermore, drainage leads to the destruction of highly specialized ecosystems. Re-wetting, by removing of drain-age systems (etc.), means the restoration of a higher ground water level which can reduce GHG emissions in the long term. Re-wetting to a water-level of 10 cm below the soil surface is ideal for reducing GHG emissions and preventing peat mineraliza-tion. One prerequisite for re-wetting is that soil degradation and peat mineralization are not too advanced. An adequate water supply must be available. Re-wetting also affects adjacent areas so possible impacts such as flooding of settlements and in-frastructure must be considered.

Purpose of the Technology: Land uses suitable for the soil conditions after re-wetting are extensive grazing, or paludiculture. Paludiculture is the cultivation of wet organic soils by preserving or renewing peat by planting and harvesting specific trees (e.g. alder), reeds and sedges. On fens, alder trees (for wood /biomass production) or plant species grown for their products (e.g. for thatch) or bioenergy, including the common reed, reed canary grass or cat’s-tail, can be cultivated. On peat bogs sphagnum farming as a peat substitute in horticulture, or as a medicinal plant, is possible. The first harvest of the common reed can take place four years post-establishment; thereafter annually. Alternatively, extensive livestock grazing with water buffalo or suitable breeds of cattle like Galloway or Heck has potential for re-wetted land. Year-round grazing is possible with a carrying capacity of up to 0.7 livestock units/ha.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Apart from avoiding huge amounts of GHG emissions and bringing land into alter-native production, further aims of re-wetting and adapting land use are:
- soil protection (soil structure, water content, peat protection);
- water protection (water quality, buffering / filtering water);
- protection of the landscape’s water regime and material balance (solute transport);
- biodiversity protection (retaining a sensitive ecosystem with specialized/ threatened species); and
- flood protection (organic soils can quickly absorb large amount of water).
There are many advantages for the environment while still creating a (modest) in-come for land users. Unlike most other bioenergy production chains (e.g. maize, rapeseed) which do not have these environmental co-benefits, paludiculture with the common reed can become a sustainable production system.

Natural / human environment: The Altmark region is located on the North German Plain. The region is predomi-nantly characterized by agriculture but has many forests too. Because of the high proportion of grassland, cattle are important. The use of biomass for bioenergy was increasing and many biogas plants were established in the last few years. Fens are mostly located in Altmark-County Salzwedel. Here, the average population density (42.7 inhabitants km2) is relatively low in the German context and the annual precipi-tation of 466mm is also below the overall German average.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• durante experimentos/ investigación

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

answer refers to re-wetting

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Drainage causes mineralization, sagging and reduction of organic matter of organic soils as well as high GHG emissions, disturbed water regimes, destruction of valuable ecosystems and loss of ecosystem services.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Long term use of drained organic soils leads to soil degradation and lower productivity. Thus, more fertilizer is needed. Due to sagging of organic soils, ditches and drainages need to be renewed every 10-15 years.

Ranching: Water buffalo, adapted cattles (e.g. Heck cattle, Galloway)

Grazingland comments: extensive grassland use with mowing and/or grazing; or paludiculture (e.g. Common Reed)

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

Type of grazing system comments: extensive grassland use with mowing and/or grazing; or paludiculture (e.g. Common Reed)

Si el uso de la tierra ha cambiado debido a la implementación de la Tecnología, indique el uso de la tierra antes de la implementación de la Tecnología.

Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Comentarios:

Water supply: rainfed, rainfed

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 234Longest growing period from month to month: Spring-autumn

Densidad del ganado (si fuese relevante):

50-100 LU /km2

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• protección/manejo de humedales

• Re-wetting of organic soils

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 288 m2.

Potential area: 288 km2 (~ 6% of the region). The area stated is the area that is potentially usable for the technology due to available geographical data; requirements: fen (Nieder- und Anmoor), area under agricultural land use, outside of nature protection areas (national parc, nature reserve, FFH area, SPA area, Ramsar). Due to re-wetting restrictions by factors like nowadays water level in the area, settlements etc., the effective area suitable will be lower.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures, management measures

Specification of other vegetative measures: paludiculture

Specification of other structural measures: removal of drainage system, dykes, etc. allowing rise in groundwater level

Type of vegetative measures: in blocks

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Pc: compaction, Ps: subsidence of organic soils, settling of soil, Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bh: loss of habitats, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline, Ha: aridification, Hg: change in groundwater / aquifer level, Hq: decline of groundwater quality, Hw: reduction of the buffering capacity of wetland areas

Main causes of degradation: soil management (drainage), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (drainage)

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (ploughing, fertilization)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Re-wetting of a fen with adapted agricultural land use afterwards: extensive grazing with cattle and paludiculture in Common Reed production.

Date: 07/2015

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Technical knowledge required for planners: high (Re-wetting concerns large areas)

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water

In blocks
Vegetative material: G : grass, O : other
Number of plants per (ha): G: full coverage, O: 5000
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): O: 2m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): O: 1m

Grass species: Grasses for extensive grassland use

Other species: Paludicultures like Common reed, Reed Canary grass

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): ~0%

Gradient along the rows / strips: ~0%

Structural measure: close/chamber ditches for groundwater level rise

Change of land use type: Crop land or intensive grassland to extensive grassland or paludiculture: see 2.5.2.2

Change of land use practices / intensity level: extensification

Layout change according to natural and human environment: Closed and chambered ditches/removed drainage systems: see 2.5.3.2

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	For fen re-wetting, removal or blocking of drainage systems like ditches, pumping stations, dykes or drainages is necessary. Extent depends strongly on local site conditions! (examples chosen from Landesumweltamt Brandenburg (2004)).	Estructurales
2.	Extensive grassland or paludiculture	Manejo
3.	Extensive grassland: if field is not already used as grassland but as cropland: grassland sowing	Vegetativas	July/August
4.	Extensive grassland: natural spread: no input	Vegetativas
5.	Paludiculture: planting Common Reed	Vegetativas	Spring

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	300,0	300,0	100,0
Equipo	Machine use	ha	1,0	400,0	400,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Seedling	ha	1,0	2500,0	2500,0	100,0
Otros	Removal of drainage	ha	1,0	200,0	200,0	100,0
Otros	Ditch filling	ha	1,0	100,0	100,0	100,0
Otros	Make-ready and set-up cost	ha	1,0	2500,0	2500,0	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					6000,0

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	water level management: weir control ~once a week: efforts depends strongly on local conditions. Control is also necessary when weirs are used to ensure controlled water level.	Estructurales
2.	extensive grassland: mowing	Vegetativas	2 times per year
3.	extensive grassland: grazing with water buffalo, adapted cattles (e.g. Heck cattle, Galloway)	Vegetativas	year round
4.	paludiculture (Common Reed): harvesting	Vegetativas	Winter (ideally: frozen ground)/first harvest 4 years after establishment, thereafter annually
5.	management	Agronómicas	yearly

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	250,0	250,0	100,0
Equipo	Machine use	ha	1,0	600,0	600,0	100,0
Otros	Management	ha	1,0	150,0	150,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					1000,0

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: paludiculture: harvest in winter (frozen soil): normal machinery. If soil is not frozen: special machinery: snow groomer (crawler chain) modified as harvester

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Only rough estimates on costs and income can be given due to the very new and innovative technology. The technology is still in the introductory phase at present

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Altitudinal zone: 0-100 m a.s.l. (this only characterises the Altmark region), 500-1000 m a.s.l., 1000-1500 m a.s.l.

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil depth on average: shallow (21-50 cm) (refers to histic layer), moderately deep (51-80 cm), deep (81-120 cm), very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil fertility is very low-low
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is very high

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Seasonal fluctuations (surface water): Wet conditions throughout the year.

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Not high in number but in quality! Highly specified species. Depends on definition of Biodiversity

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: negative
Market orientation of production system: nature conservation
Market orientation of cropland production system: Comercial/market (cows for dairy farming and reed sold for bioenergy and thatching)
Market orientation of grazing land production system: Comercial/market (Grazing, mowing; paludiculture )

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado
• comunitaria/ aldea

• NGO

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• individual

Comentarios:

Land owners can re-wet their land and manage it suitable for wet conditions afterwards. The state or NGO, for example, can buy land and re-wet it; normally followed by nature protection. This technology can not be done by one land user. It has major impacts off-sites and reflects normally more then one farmer.

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

Otros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	no muy bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	bien
tormenta de viento	no se sabe

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	no muy bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

Depends strongly on subsidies and other incentive mechanisms as well as opportunity costs (regionally different). Further, if re-wetting is not financed by the land user the economic benefit is greater but even less as before re-wetting.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There is no increasing trend to adopt the technology as it is not economically attractive for farmer. But for environment groups (NGOs), without an economical interest, this measure can be interesting.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
By re-wetting organic soil huge amounts of GHG emissions can be avoided on a relatively small area How can they be sustained / enhanced? Financial incentives for farmers are needed e.g. based on GHG-mitigation potential. Alternatively, areas can be bought by e.g. NGOs or government for re-wetting/ nature protection
Paludiculture on re-wetted soils allows an adapted agricultural land use How can they be sustained / enhanced? Financial incentives (e.g. subside payments) for farmers are needed
Extensive grassland cultivation on re-wetted soils allows an adapted agricultural land use (grazing/mowing) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Financial incentives (e.g. subside payments) for farmers are needed
The use of fertilizer and manure inputs leads to pollution of water bodies. The water quality will be enhanced by less fertilizer/manure input through this technology compared to intensive agriculture.
Due to the technology, higher water retention, flood prevention and biodiversity can increase compared to use of drained organic soils.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
On re-wetted soil land use options are very restricted due to wet soil conditions.	Financial incentives for farmers are needed.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
High opportunity cost for land users: income from intensive cropland on drained soils is higher than income from re-wetted soils with extensive land use.	The technology could be economically attractive if farmers get financial incentives for applying it (re-wetting and adapted extensive usage). It would become even more attractive if no incentives were paid for e.g. maize production on drained organic soils (those incentives are actually paid if the maize is used for bioenergy production).

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Bonn A, et al. (2014) Klimaschutz durch Wiedervernässung von kohlenstoffreichen Böden. In: Naturkapital und Klimapolitik-Synergien und Konflikte.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Naturkapital Deutschland TEEB DE Report. Technische Universität Berlin Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung-UFZ, Berlin, Leipzig

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Wichtmann W, Wichmann S (2011) Environmental, Social and Economic Aspects of a Sustainable Biomass Production.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment, Special Issue (2011):77-81

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

URL:

http://www.duene-greifswald.de/de/projekte.php_enim.php

URL:

http://www.naturkapital-teeb.de/publikationen/projekteigene-publikationen.html

URL:

http://daten.ktbl.de/feldarbeit/home.html

URL:

https://www.stmelf.bayern.de/idb/default.html

URL:

ttps://www.google.de/search?q=Leitfaden+zur+Renaturierung+von+Feuchtgebieten+in+Brandenburg.+&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&gws_rd=cr&ei=btyoVebdJcGYsAH4tpWoCA