1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management (CACILM I)

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

14/01/2011

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Conservation of soil fertility through the cultivation of sainfoin (perennial legume plants)

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The Suusamyr Plain is located in the South-West of Chui Valley. Generally, this zone, located at 2000-3800 meters above sea level is used by farmers as summer pastures. Farmers are practicing agro-pastoralism by grazing animals and at the same time producing winter fodder for their livestock. They cultivate mainly barley and sometimes perennial grass.
The territory of the local administration of the Aiyl Okrug “Suusamyr” includes 6645 hectares of arable land. In 2009 about 2500 hectares were cultivated with cereals (including 1950 ha of barley) and 250 ha with sainfoin. As a result of the monoculture of cereals, weeds, pests, and insects accumulate on the fields and the soil fertility is declining. These are direct and indirect indicators of soil degradation.
The main cultivated perennial legume is sainfoin. However,farmers are short of sainfoin seeds. Most of them cultivate sainfoin for hay making and consider the seed production as non profitable.

Fallow is maintained free from weed during the vegetation season. As fallow is weed free and accumulates the soil moisture it has synergy effect to harvest high yield of barley grain. This fallow is kept during one vegetation season and applied by other farmers during next season. Crop rotation cycle is 5 years including 1 year-fallow period (1year-fallow period, 1year for barley planting and 3 years for sainfoin planting). Barley is planted into the fallow.
Sainfoin improves the soil structure as a result of high rizo-biomasses (237-333 kg/ha). Sainfoin is able to accumulate 194 -178 kg/ha of biological nitrogen providing sufficient nitrogen fertilization for two consecutive cropping seasons. Sainfoin can be cultivated at altitudes from 700 to 3400 m above sea level (G. Balian, 2004). Sainfoin is a high nectar producting crop, allowing farmers to produce 150 kg of honey from 1 hectare of sainfoin during a vegetation period. As the result of insect pollination, an increase in seed production of between 100 and 200 kg/ha has been observed.

Purpose of the Technology: Soil fertility conservation through crop rotation of barley with the perennial grass sainfoin (Onobrichis sativa).

Farmer Ibraimov Azimjan has 25 hectares of private land and rents other land from neighboring farmers. UNDP’s project procured seeds of sainfoin and covered expenditures for tillage and planting. The farmer’s responsibility is to distribute produced seeds among other farmers which are able to expand their areas under sainfoin cultivation. The farmers maintains crop rotation.
Fields are located in the foothills at an elevation of 2038-2200 m above sea level. Plowing is conducted along the slope. But planting is done across to the tilling direction, horizontally along the field (contour planting drilling). This technology increases vegetation cover and after harvesting stubbles remain

Agriculture in Suusamyr Valley is based on animal husbandry which is kept on pastures during three seasons (spring, summer and autumn). But farmers practice agro-pastorals. They have private arable land and produce cereals and forage crops. The Local Government “Suusamyr” has 6645 hectares of arable land including 561 hectares from the Distribution Found (state regulated land). Farmers are not subsidized by the Government.
The farmer Ibraimov Azimjan has 25 hectares of private land and rents other land from the neighboring farmers. In 2009 UNDP’s project procured basic seeds of sainfoin and covered the expenditures for tillage and planting. UNDP’s project organized several workshops for farmers on technology of cereals and forage crops cultivation. Project manager also had finance support in field inspection of sainfoin seed and barley.
Farmer’s responsibility is to distribute seed among other farmers which able to expand their areas under sainfoin. Farmer has resources to guard the field from grazing of animals during the vegetation period, harvest and transportation of seed. Azimjan also organized the seed cleaning and storage. Project’s management developed the rules on seed distributions and sale.
The farmer should produce sainfoin and barley in order to get benefit. Farmer’s responsibility is to distribute seed to other farmers which able to expand the area under sainfoin and barley. Name of sainfoin variety is “Belek”, barley variety is “Kylym”, they are developed in research centers of Kyrgyz Republic.

The population of the Aiyl Okrug “Suusamyr” is 6400. The Local Government has no human resources for field activities. There are six villages at the territory of this Local Government. All fields and villages are connected by dirt roads. The electricity is supplied on regularly basis. People have drinking water supplies.
Farmer’s fields are located at foothills of 2038-2200 m above sea level. The type of land use is rainfed. Some irrigated channels which were developed in Soviet time are destroyed now. The fields are infested mainly with wild Oat, Couch-grass, spp. pigweed, wormwood and others.
The farmers cultivate cereals as monoculture. Some of them plant the sainfoin. Additionally, farmers cultivate potato on a total area of 180-200 hectares. The varieties are from local breeders (Nevsky, Cardinal) and introduced varieties from seed Firm “Agrico” and “NZPC” (Picasso, Sante and Mondial).
The main type of soil is chestnut (light chestnut soil and dark chestnut soil). The potential fertility of these soils is high but due to the lack of crop rotation, plant protection activities, fertilizer application, soil degradation is going on. There are no soil maps in the office of local administration except for those which were developed during the Soviet time.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The Technology was developed by the Kyrgyz Livestock and Pasture Research Institute and applied by the UNDP Project "Demonstration Sustainable Mountain Pasture Management in Suusamyr Valley, Kyrgyzstan"

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• crear impacto económico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Decline of soil fertility due to longstanding cultivation of barley on the field. Annual conventional plowing is affecting the mineralization of soil humus.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Decline of barley yield. The quality of barley grain also is declining.
Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Cp: Perennial (non-woody) cropping
Livestock is grazing on crop residues

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• mixta de secano – irrigada

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: April - August

Densidad del ganado (si fuese relevante):

25-50 LU /km2

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• 0.1-1 km2

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0,24 m2.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Lack of fertilizes), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Usually in dry weather plants have a vertical appearance. After heavy gales they lose their vetical standing and they droop. This is lodging. During lodginh of plants the yield of seed is decreasing.), land tenure
Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (As a result of the monoculture of cereals, weeds, pests, and insects accumulate on the fields and the soil fertility is declining.), other human induced causes (specify) (inappropriate soil management)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo
• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Fields are located on South exposition of the foothills of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too Mountains in the Northern part of the Suusamyr valley. The length of the sainfoin field is 687 meters, and its width is 350 meters. Slope steepness is 8-10 %.
Tilling is conducted along the slope by a tractor K-700, with harrowing being conducted at the same time. The depth of tilling is 20-22 cm. Planting is conducted across to plowing direction. The date for sainfoin sowing is the first ten days of May. The seeds required are 80 kg/ha. Depth of sowing is 4 cm. This field is situated 8 kilometers from central Suusamyr village, reachable on a bad dirt road.

Location: Suusamyr Valley. Jaiyl raion / Chui oblast / Kyrgyzstan
Date: 11.01.2011

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Special training is requested)
Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Field demonstration is needed)
Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)
Secondary technical functions: improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan)

Vegetative measure: field planted by perennual grass
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops
Number of plants per (ha): 3000000
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.15
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.15
Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: C : perennial crops

Perennial crops species: Sainfoin os sowed with planting machine C3-3.6. The distance between colters is 15 cm.

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

KGS

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

45,0

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Tilling	Vegetativas	End of April. Once in 3 years
2.	Planting	Vegetativas	End of April. Once in 3 years

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	establishment costs	hectare	1,0	187,0	187,0
Mano de obra	labour	person/hour	0,8	128,0	102,4	100,0
Material para plantas	seeds	hecatre	1,0	108,0	108,0
Material para plantas	seeds	kg	75,0	2600,0	195000,0
Otros	fuel	liter	58,0	321,0	18618,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					214015,4

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Harvesting	Vegetativas	annually
2.	Cleaning of seed	Vegetativas	annually
3.	Cleaning of seed	Vegetativas

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: Tractor MTZ-80, Self-Proppeled Combine Enisey-600, Seed Cleaning Machine SM-4
The above costs were affected by the length of the field and number of turn points during tilling and planting.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The price of sainfoin seeds is very high. The slope is increasing the fuel consumption of the tractor, and prices for fuel are raising. Contour tilling (also planting) by big tractor (K-700) is further increasing fuel consumption, because the number of turning-points are increased. Soil depth is not increasing cost in a major way, because soil structure in the area is comparatively good and the tractor is powerful.
All costs are calculated for 1 hectare of sainfoin. National currency is KGS. Exchange rate was approximately 45 KGS for 1 US Dollar in 2009 and 2010.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

medium-high soil fertility, soil water storage = medium, soil drainage = good

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

No

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Earthworms and gnawing animals inhabit on the field

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Difference in the involvement of women and men: This technology is very strongly supported by Pasture Users Association, who is interesting in improving forage quantity and quality. Sainfoin's hay has high protein content in comparison with natural hay. Therefore the association is interested in expansion of sainfoin fields.

Population density: < 10 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 1% - 2%
Off-farm income specification: Some farmers sell agricultural and processing products in the shops located along the highway Bishkek-Osh and in the villages. Some of the villagers provide taxi services from Suusamyr to Bishkek.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado
• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	no muy bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	no muy bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	no muy bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• casos individuales / experimentales

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

1% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
1 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: Saifoin seed was provided to farmers with lower price than commercially available seeds.
Comments on spontaneous adoption: There is little trend towards (growing) spontaneous adoption of the technology.
There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology. Some farmers are aware about the production of high quality forage and want to be ready to be protected from drought. During drought periods the yield of natural vegetation is less, but the yield of sainfoin’ is constant.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Keeping the fields as fallow is not profitable for ordinary farmers. It can be done by rich farmers.
There is need in subsidies from the Government in order to distribute cereals and perennial legume seed.
If there is enough fuel and seed farmers can cultivate sainfoin everywhere, it is very good technology.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
The winter is very hard in Suusamyr Valley and livestock need enough and quality forage. Sainfoin hay contains high level of protein.
Natural vegetation yields for hay making is not so big particularly in drought period. Sainfoin is very productive crop.
Rizo biomass of sainfoin is big and it accumulates the nitrogen. Sainfoin improves the soil fertility.
Sainfoin is income generating crop because after harvesting of seed sainfoin the straw can be also sold by farmers at the price of 50 som for one hay bale
This Technology also protects the soil surface from the erosion in the result of strong density of plants.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Poor farmer is not interested in the Conservation Technology	Awareness raising of the poor farmers is necessary
We are having not enough knowledge about the soil conservation possibility legumes	To organize the training of farmers.
State legislation about soil protection is not maintained by Local Government and farmers	To monitor the observation of legislation by land users and local authorities
There should be Soil fertility protection service.	The Government should finance the establishment of service on soil fertility protection.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Lack of good credit system for farmers SWCT.	To lower interest rates of credits while lending farmers for implementation of the Conservation Technology
Comparatively high price of certified sainfoin seeds are not available for farmers	Usage of not certified seed by farmers leads to poor yields of sainfoin and cereals. To ensure the supply of high quality seed through distributers’ centers
Farmers need special knowledge in order to produce sainfoin seed	To conduct trainings for farmers on seed production technologies.
To consolidate farmers about the effect of sainfoin cultivation for soil fertility some scientists have to do on farm demonstration plots	Extension services should organize demonstration fields in villages.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Usubaliev B. Annual project activity’s report. “Demonstration sustainable mountains pasture management in the Suusamyr Valley. Kyrgyzstan”. UNDP.- Kyrgyzsran., 2010. Bishkek.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Project office

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Duishenaaly uulu Urmat.- Report of land management specialist of the “Local Gogernment Suusamyr”, 2010

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Suusamyr Village

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Bekganov Nurkan.- Report of local mobilization specialist of the UNDP project.- 2010

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Suusamyr Village.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Amankulov Kubanychbek.- Report of statistics specialist of the “Local Gogernment Suusamyr”, 2010

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

.Suusamyr Village