1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Book project: SLM in Practice - Guidelines and Best Practices for Sub-Saharan Africa (SLM in Practice)

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Toker Integrated Community Development - Eritrea

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Ministry of Agriculture of Eritrea (MoA) - Eritrea

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Tree plantations in combination with hillside terracing to protect upper catchment areas are a widespread technology in the Central and Northern Highland Zone of Eritrea.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

In the early 1990s a large area was treated in the Toker catchment, northwest of Asmara. The first step was to establish hillside terraces on the steeper slopes where it is essential to conserve soil and water for improved growth of trees and other vegetation. The terraces comprise earthen embankments laid out along the along the contour, reinforced with stone risers, combined with a trench on the upper side to harvest runoff water. The trenches are subdivided into basins (by ties) to avoid lateral flow of runoff water. In a second step, trees were planted at a spacing of 2 m (in the trenches). Mostly fast growing eucalyptus was used, with a very small percentage of the indigenous African olive (Olea africana) - which has good survival rates but grows very slowly. Afforested areas are closed for any use until the trees reach maturity: they are protected by guards. In 1995 the Ministry of Agriculture handed over user rights to communities allowing cut-and-carry of grass and cutting of trees (with permission of the government). The technology requires appreciable expense, labor and expertise, but if maintained well, it results in multiple ecological and economic benefits: Soil cover has improved, water is conserved, the severe problems of soil erosion have been reduced, and dams further downstream are protected from siltation. Trees have become an important source of income for the rural communities, wood is a valuable resource mainly needed for construction, and also as fuel. Since the 1960s, several afforestation campaigns have been initiated by the government, mainly using food-for-work or cash-for-work approaches as incentives. Nowadays, local tree planting initiatives (on community or individual level) without external support are dominant.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• 10-50 años atrás

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Surface and gully erosion; Decline of vegetation cover, diversity and biomass; Loss of surface water; Lowering of ground water level

Plantation forestry: Yes

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• manejo de bosques naturales y seminaturales:
• medida de pendiente transversal

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 30 m2.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bq: quantity / biomass decline, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline, Hg: change in groundwater / aquifer level

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of infiltration, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2.00

Trees/ shrubs species: Eucalyptus, few Olea africana

Terrace: bench level
Spacing between structures (m): 2.50
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.50

Construction material (earth): digging out trenches and piling up risers

Construction material (stone): risers should be reinforced with stones

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Dig planting pits (0.5 x 0.5x 0.5 m), at 2 m intervals, in the trenches	Vegetativas
2.	Plant tree seedlings (mainly eucalypts, some African olives); fill pit with top soil (optional: mix with 1 spade of manure)	Vegetativas
3.	Spot weeding and softening soil around the pits to improve percolation of water and soil aeration (during rainy season)	Vegetativas
4.	Supplementary irrigation during dry spells (using jerry / watering cans)	Vegetativas
5.	Prohibit open grazing: Area closure is done collectively	Vegetativas
6.	Mark contour lines using a line level. Spacing between terraces depends on slope, vegetation status, soil depth. In the case study area horizontal spacing between terraces is 2.5 m	Estructurales
7.	Terraces are built (inward-sloping) by digging out trenches (0.5 m deep) and piling up risers (minimum 0.75 m high). Risers should be reinforced with stones (where available)	Estructurales
8.	The trenches are separated into basins by ties at an interval of 2-5 m to avoid eventual lateral movement of water	Estructurales

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	1760,0	1760,0	73,0
Equipo	Tools	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	73,0
Material para plantas	Seedlings	ha	1,0	600,0	600,0	73,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					2410,0

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Replacement of missing plants at onset of rains (10% replacement of seedlings is expected in the 1st year)	Vegetativas	onset of rains
2.	Spot weeding and softening soil	Vegetativas
3.	Supplementary irrigation	Vegetativas
4.	Maintenance of structures	Estructurales	before onset of rainy season

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	480,0	480,0	83,0
Material para plantas	Seedlings	ha	1,0	100,0	100,0	83,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					580,0

Comentarios:

Costs are calculated for gentle slopes with a terraces spaced at 2.5 m.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Labour cost includes construction of hillside terrace, pitting, planting and spot weeding and cultivation. According to the work and payment norms of the Ministry of Agriculture the cost of 1 person-day is 2.66 US$. Production cost of one seedling is 0.2 US$. Maintenance costs include terrace maintenance, re-pitting and replanting of seedlings.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Landforms: Also hill slopes
Slopes on average are steep ( > 50%)
Soil fertility is low

5.3 Suelos

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly disadvantaged land users

Market orientation of production system: subsistence (self-supply), subsistence (self-supply), mixed (subsistence/ commercial, mixed (subsistence/ commercial

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	no muy bien

Comentarios:

Sensitive to climatic extremes (e.g. rainfall decrease, especially in case of monocultures)

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

Initial labour inputs payout on long term

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption: Acceptance of afforestation areas has increased, since user rights have been given to land users: Communities located in Toker upper catchment areas have taken the initiative to maintain and protect their woodlots. Moreover, there is a trend toward locally initiated hillside terracing and tree planting without external initiative/incentives, apart from the provision of seedlings (through Ministry of Agriculture). The afforestation area covers approx. 30 km2 with high potential to enlarge.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Protection of slopes from erosion while at the same time providing an income source for the poor

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Establishment cost is high and labour intensiv	provision of hand tools and demanded seedlings
Fast growing eucalyptus trees have a high rate of water consumption; Indigenous trees are not favoured	encourage people to protect naturally regenerated indigenous trees, assist villagers to get market channels for products of indigenous trees
Community mobilization and high knowledge of land users is required	awareness raising campaigns, strengthen village institutional arrangements, assist villages bylaws
Land use rights: because the afforestation area is communal, nobody feels responsible for maintenance	promote plantations by individual households

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Zeremariam I. 2001. Assessment of upper catchment development technologies in the Central High Land zone of Eritrea. MSc Thesis; The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Amanuel Negasi et al. 2002. Soil and water conservation Manual for Eritrea. RELMA.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Zeremariam I.2001. Assessment of upper catchment Development Technologies and Approaches in the Central High Land zone of Eritrea. MSc Thesis; The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark