1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

14/03/2018

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

Comentarios:

Cultivation through irrigation in Perkerra scheme begun in 1954, three decades before the introduction of Prosopis in Baringo. Despite the rapid and widespread expansion of the invasive species, it is evident that cultivated areas under the scheme are free from Prosopis, unlike their surrounding neighborhoods which are heavily invaded and rendered unproductive. This is an indication of its sustainability to control Prosopis spread to irrigated land.

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

This is an open-furrow system consisting barriers constructed along a water source such as a river to direct water through a conveyance system by gravity into feeder channels to cultivated land. It is a simple method entailing control of water flow rate and direction to improve water utilization efficiency and enhance productivity of land.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Perkerra irrigation scheme was constructed by the colonial government in 1945 to ensure efficient water utilization, enhance soil productivity and food security. It is an open-furrow system consisting barriers constructed along a water source such as a river to direct water through a conveyance system by gravity into feeder channels to cultivated land. Water control system is constructed between the conveyance and the feeder channels to control the direction and speed of the water.
This technology is suitable on fairly flat, irrigable land with reliable water sources for irrigation. Consideration of population structure is crucial in ascertaining the availability labor force in farmlands. Depending on the size and market orientation of the production system, a stable market is also an important consideration.
Irrigated farming in the scheme is carried out in 3 seasons a year due to availability of reliable water from the permanent Perkerra River. This also ensures that land is never left idle for re-invasion of Prosopis. Activities commence with land clearance conducted at the beginning of every planting season. Prosopis on invaded farmlands are manually cut, burnt and uprooted to minimize chances of the invasive tree from coppicing. The uprooted trunk is utilized in charcoal production for commercial purposes while the small branches are used as firewood for domestic cooking.
The cleared land is then ploughed using a tractor to break the soil structure and provide a fine tilth for planting. This is followed by mechanized ridging to create channels and buffer furrows to convey and retain water long enough to be infiltrated into the soil. Seeds are then sown, a joint activity carried out through farmers’ cooperation. The scheme was originally specialized for bulb onions plantation but has transformed into more diversified food crops for subsistence and commercial purposes. Crops under contractual farming are seed maize, rice, sunflower, green grams, pepper and cow peas while surplus crops under irrigation include tomatoes, vegetables, water melons, subsistence maize crops and commercial fruit trees. In addition, availability of assured market and payment has made the scheme popular for seed maize cultivation. Ongoing experimental research on a variety sweet potatoes to reduce overdependence on maize crops have also shown promising results and are likely to be recommended for implementation. During planting seasons, fallow periods are replaced by rotational cropping and crop diversification. This improves soil structure by alternating deep and shallow-rooted crops. Replacement of the crop during rotation disrupts the life cycle of disease causing organisms, thus controlling pests and diseases as well as improving crop productivity. Consequently, there is minimal application of chemical pesticides, hence reduced chances of pollution.
The irrigated cultivation has improved the welfare of the community by diversifying their sources of livelihood from pastoralism, enhancing food security, eradication of poverty and improving infrastructure such as access roads to the farms. It is a major source of income, directly supporting 1,625 farm households earning an approximate total net income of Ksh. 148, 192,259 Million (Perkerra scheme brief prepared by the National Irrigation board, 2017). Each household is assigned between 0.5 to 4 acres of land. This range might however be narrowed in the near future due to the increasing population in demand for the fixed land resource. The other option under consideration is to reclaim more invaded land and expand the scheme. The challenge facing this approach and is yet to be addressed is limited water resources to sustain the expansion. Lack of suitable market for non-contractual crops as well as poor pricing due to monopolization by contracting institutions is also a great setback to this technology. A good example is the abandonment of pawpaw production by farmers due to marketing problems.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace más de 50 años atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The scheme was established during the colonial period through local detainees in Marigat. This followed a feasibility study pointing to the suitability of the IIchamus plain for agricultute,

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• proteger una cuenca hidrográfica/ áreas corriente abajo – en combinación con otras Tecnologías
• crear impacto económico benéfico
• crear impacto social benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Si el uso de la tierra ha cambiado debido a la implementación de la Tecnología, indique el uso de la tierra antes de la implementación de la Tecnología.

IIchamus plain was initially a pastoral land for grazing. Being a state owned land with no one held responsible for its management, the land was poorly managed by the society.

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• mixta de secano – irrigada

Comentarios:

Channeling of irrigation water into farms is restricted to dry seasons and temporarily halted during the rainy season.

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 3

Especifique:

The irrigation scheme is subjected to continuous cultivation with contracted crops planted in 2 seasons and a surplus crop on a third season in a year. Crop rotation and diversification is practiced to improve soil productivity, control pests, reduce soil erosion and enhance soil structure.

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• sistemas de rotación (rotación de cosecha, cosecha rotatoria con descanso, agricultura migratoria)
• Manejo de irrigación: (incl. provisión de agua, invernaderos)
• diversión y drenaje de agua

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si la tecnología se halla difundida homogéneamente en un área, indique el área aproximada que cubre:

• > 10,000 km2

Comentarios:

The technology are specifically applied along the irrigation scheme with sufficient water for irrigation

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

The intake structure convey water from the main water source to the irrigation system. It may consist of a water pump or a barrier designed for this purpose. The water is directed to a conveyance system of open canals which control the flow and direction of water to different field application and distribution systems. The canals depth (h) is preferred to exceed the expected maximum water level (h){h>h1} of water within the irrigation system to minimize bank overflow. The side slope is a ratio of the vertical height to the horizontal canal width (h:w). They are fitted with water measurement, erosion and distribution control structures to regulate accurate distribution of water to the farms with minimum siltation of the banks. The water is then distributed to field ditches which transfer it to the irrigated farm. These are narrow waterways dug along the farms with checks across their lengths to hold and raise the upstream water levels long enough before releasing it to the next segment of the field ditch. This is meant to increase the rate of water infiltration into the soil.

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por unidad de Tecnología

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

KES

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

100,0

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Construct gravity intake system	Estructurales	Once during establishment
2.	Excavation of water canals	Estructurales	Once during establishment
3.	Establishment of water control structures	Estructurales	Once during establishment
4.	Land preparation ( Clearance and partitioning)	Estructurales	Once during establishment
5.	Construction of a suitable road network	Estructurales	Once during establishment

Comentarios:

Activities involved are the construction of a gravity intake system, excavation of water canals, construction of a suitable road network and water control structures. Prior considerations are reliable water source, availability of irrigable land and labor for cultivation.

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

Si fuera posible, desglose los costos de establecimiento de acuerdo a la siguiente tabla, especificando insumos y costos por insumo. Si usted no pudiese desglosar los costos, proporcione un estimado de los costos totales para establecer la Tecnología:

600000000,0

Comentarios:

The initial establishment and construction of the irrigation infrastructure is often conducted by the national government due to associated high costs approximated by key informants to be Ksh, 600, 000,000 (600,000 USD). This is however an initial, one off expenditure that are non-recurrent.

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Clearing land	Agronómicas	3 times a year before every planting season.
2.	Ploughing	Agronómicas	3 times a year before every planting season.
3.	Ridging/Cutting furrows	Estructurales	3 times a year before every planting season.
4.	De-silting of canals	Manejo	3 times a year before every planting season.
5.	Planting	Agronómicas	3 times a year.
6.	first irrigation	Estructurales	3 times a year after planting (3 to 5 days per season)
7.	Pest control	Agronómicas	Whenever applicable
8.	Weeding	Agronómicas	Once every season
9.	Second irrigation	Estructurales	10 to 12 (each time withinn 3 to 4 days) per planting season.
10.	Top dressing ( Apply fertilizer)	Agronómicas	Once every season
11.	Harvesting	Agronómicas	Once every season
12.	Shelling	Agronómicas	Once every season

Comentarios:

Maintenance activities mentioned above are dependent on the status of an individual's farm, availability of resources and the purpose for cultivation. Farm produce cultivated under contracted terms will however need to follow strict procedures for them to meet the minimum requirements.

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Land clearance	Man-hour	540,0	120,0	64800,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Partitioning	Man-hour	180,0	100,0	18000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Planting	Man-hour	90,0	100,0	9000,0	100,0
Equipo	Ploughing tractor	Hours	18,0	420,0	7560,0	100,0
Equipo	Ridging tractor	Hours	18,0	420,0	7560,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Seeds and seedlings	Kg	75,0	150,0	11250,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Channeling water for irrigation	Season	3,0	2000,0	6000,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Fertilizer	Kg	150,0	50,0	7500,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					131670,0

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Size of land
Disease and pest outbreak
Crop variety as contracted crops minimum requirements which may be costly to meet
Occurrence of rainy seasons especially during harvesting which affect the drying cost and output of produce. Seed maize, for example, may not meet the required moisture content when aired during the rainy season hence lowering the net income from them.
Condition of the farm e.g invasion level by Prosopis

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• no relevante

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

The technology is applied in relatively flat land to increase water retention long enough to be infiltrated into the soil

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Clay soil with alkaline pH of 7.5 , rich in calcium phosphate but low in organic matter

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

Sí

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

Sí

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Prosopis has heavily invaded the land, encroaching agro-pastoral land and outcompeting native species leading to degradation of native species and habitats.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Comentarios:

The scheme is state owned , leased to the community who nominate a 7 member advisory committee tasked with all land administration aspects ranging from land adjudication, allocation, succession and dispute management as well as set laws guiding water utilization and conservation.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos ecológicos

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
lluvia estacional	estación húmeda/ de lluvias	incrementó	moderadamente

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres biológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
enfermedades epidémicas	nada bien
insectos/ infestación de gusanos	nada bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• 1-10%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

Direct beneficiaries of the technologies are about 13,000 people. However, indirect beneficiaries from the transportation and sale of the produce may double this number

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 90-100%

Comentarios:

All operation are carried out at the full expense of the land users. Credits advanced to them have to be repaid with at least 11% interest

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

Sí

Si fuera así, indique a qué condiciones cambiantes se adaptó:

• cambios climáticos / extremos

Especifique la adaptación de la Tecnología (diseño, material/ especies, etc.):

Water conveyance along the furrows to the farms is halted during heavy downpour to minimize water logging.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
A source of finance to land users through sale of their produce.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Continuous farming activities have ensured that land is constantly managed, limiting the proliferation of Prosopis weeds which have adverse impacts to the ecosystem and livelihoods.
Improved human welfare by enhancing their financial stability. An extension of this is indirect benefit through employment creation to farm laborers, merchants and buyers of the fresh and healthy farm produce.
Increased food security

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Poor market prices for their produce.	They feel they have no option due to inadequate knowledge and access to other available markets
Pests and disease out break such as the fall armyworm.	Advisory services are offered by research institutions to stakeholders on how to manage and control pests.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Monopoly of the market by the contracting institutions may lead to poor pricing or tight minimum requirements such as the quality of output leading to losses.	Diversification of market to tighten competition that may offer better prices to farmers.
High chances of water pollution by chemicals and fertilizers that may be washed away by the running water	Minimize application of chemicals as possible accompanied by integrated nutrient management practices.
Post harvest losses when supply exceeds demand	Proper timing of planting season whereby harvesting coincides with seasons of shortage and scarcity to maximize returns.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Brouwer, C., Goffeau, A., and Heibloem, M. (1985): Irrigation Water Management: Training Manual No. 1

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.fao.org/docrep/r4082e/r4082e00.htm#Contents

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

Perkerra Irrigation scheme Brief

URL:

https://www.nib.or.ke/projects/public-irrigation-schemes/perkerra-irrigation-scheme

Título/ descripción:

The 9 Benefits of Crop Rotation to the Environment

URL:

http://richmondvale.org/crop-rotation/